3826 lines
247 KiB
PostScript
3826 lines
247 KiB
PostScript
%!PS (but not EPSF; comments have been disabled)
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%DVIPSSource: TeX output 1995.05.08:1603
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|
(Bash)1244 1312 y(Edition)h(1.14,)d(for)i Fk(bash)g Fl(V)l(ersion)h
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|
(1.14.)1701 1366 y(August)f(1994)0 2467 y Fj(Brian)23
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|
b(F)-6 b(o)n(x,)23 b(F)-6 b(ree)23 b(Soft)n(w)n(are)f(F)-6
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b(oundation)0 2534 y(Chet)22 b(Ramey)-6 b(,)23 b(Case)e(W)-6
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b(estern)23 b(Reserv)n(e)f(Univ)n(ersit)n(y)p 0 2570
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1950 9 v eop
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2 1 bop 0 2661 a Fl(Cop)o(yrigh)o(t)226 2660 y(c)214
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2661 y Fi(\015)15 b Fl(1991,)f(1993)g(F)l(ree)h(Soft)o(w)o(are)f(F)l
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(oundation,)h(Inc.)p eop
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1 2 bop 0 -58 a Fl(Chapter)15 b(1:)k(Bourne)d(Shell)h(St)o(yle)f(F)l
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|
(eatures)1143 b(1)0 183 y Fh(1)41 b(Bourne)15 b(Shell)e(St)n(yle)h(F)-7
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|
b(eatures)62 369 y Fl(Bash)20 b(is)g(an)g(acron)o(ym)f(for)g(Bourne)i
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|
(Again)f(SHell.)35 b(The)20 b(Bourne)h(shell)g(is)f(the)g(traditional)h
|
|
(Unix)f(shell)0 432 y(originally)f(written)f(b)o(y)f(Stephen)i(Bourne.)
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|
27 b(All)19 b(of)e(the)h(Bourne)f(shell)j(builtin)f(commands)f(are)f(a)
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o(v)m(ailable)i(in)0 494 y(Bash,)g(and)f(the)g(rules)h(for)e(ev)m
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(aluation)j(and)e(quoting)g(are)g(tak)o(en)g(from)f(the)h(P)o(osix)g
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|
(1003.2)f(sp)q(eci\014cation)j(for)0 556 y(the)15 b(`standard')f(Unix)i
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(shell.)62 693 y(This)g(section)f(brie\015y)h(summarizes)f(things)g
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|
(whic)o(h)h(Bash)f(inherits)h(from)e(the)g(Bourne)i(shell:)21
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b(shell)16 b(con)o(trol)0 755 y(structures,)i(builtins,)i(v)m
|
|
(ariables,)g(and)e(other)g(features.)27 b(It)18 b(also)g(lists)h(the)f
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(signi\014can)o(t)h(di\013erences)g(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)0
|
|
818 y(Bash)c(and)h(the)f(Bourne)h(Shell.)0 1041 y Fj(1.1)33
|
|
b(Lo)r(oping)15 b(Constructs)62 1178 y Fl(Note)g(that)g(wherev)o(er)h
|
|
(y)o(ou)f(see)h(a)f(`)p Fk(;)p Fl(')g(in)h(the)g(description)h(of)e(a)g
|
|
(command's)g(syn)o(tax,)g(it)h(ma)o(y)e(b)q(e)j(replaced)0
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1240 y(indiscriminately)h(with)e(one)f(or)g(more)g(newlines.)62
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|
1377 y(Bash)h(supp)q(orts)f(the)g(follo)o(wing)h(lo)q(oping)g
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|
(constructs.)0 1527 y Fk(until)120 b Fl(The)15 b(syn)o(tax)g(of)g(the)g
|
|
Fk(until)f Fl(command)h(is:)360 1589 y Fk(until)23 b
|
|
Fg(test-commands)r Fk(;)g(do)h Fg(consequen)o(t-commands)r
|
|
Fk(;)g(done)240 1663 y Fl(Execute)14 b Fg(consequen)o(t-commands)i
|
|
Fl(as)d(long)h(as)f(the)h(\014nal)h(command)e(in)i Fg(test-commands)g
|
|
Fl(has)e(an)240 1726 y(exit)j(status)e(whic)o(h)i(is)g(not)f(zero.)0
|
|
1813 y Fk(while)120 b Fl(The)15 b(syn)o(tax)g(of)g(the)g
|
|
Fk(while)f Fl(command)h(is:)360 1875 y Fk(while)23 b
|
|
Fg(test-commands)r Fk(;)g(do)h Fg(consequen)o(t-commands)r
|
|
Fk(;)g(done)240 1949 y Fl(Execute)14 b Fg(consequen)o(t-commands)i
|
|
Fl(as)d(long)h(as)f(the)h(\014nal)h(command)e(in)i Fg(test-commands)g
|
|
Fl(has)e(an)240 2011 y(exit)j(status)e(of)h(zero.)0 2098
|
|
y Fk(for)168 b Fl(The)15 b(syn)o(tax)g(of)g(the)g(for)g(command)g(is:)
|
|
360 2160 y Fk(for)23 b Fg(name)k Fk([in)c Fg(w)o(ords)i
|
|
Fk(...];)f(do)f Fg(commands)r Fk(;)h(done)240 2235 y
|
|
Fl(Execute)11 b Fg(commands)g Fl(for)f(eac)o(h)g(mem)o(b)q(er)h(in)g
|
|
Fg(w)o(ords)p Fl(,)f(with)g Fg(name)j Fl(b)q(ound)e(to)f(the)g(curren)o
|
|
(t)g(mem)o(b)q(er.)240 2297 y(If)15 b(\\)p Fk(in)g Fg(w)o(ords)r
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|
Fl(")f(is)i(not)f(presen)o(t,)f(\\)p Fk(in)h("$@")p Fl(")f(is)i
|
|
(assumed.)0 2521 y Fj(1.2)33 b(Conditional)16 b(Constructs)0
|
|
2670 y Fk(if)192 b Fl(The)15 b(syn)o(tax)g(of)g(the)g
|
|
Fk(if)g Fl(command)g(is:)p eop
|
|
2 3 bop 0 -58 a Fl(2)1646 b(Bash)15 b(F)l(eatures)360
|
|
183 y Fk(if)24 b Fg(test-commands)r Fk(;)f(then)408 233
|
|
y Fg(consequen)o(t-commands)r Fk(;)360 283 y([elif)g
|
|
Fg(more-test-commands)r Fk(;)g(then)408 333 y Fg(more-consequen)o(ts)r
|
|
Fk(;])360 382 y([else)g Fg(alternate-consequen)o(ts)r
|
|
Fk(;])360 432 y(fi)240 508 y Fl(Execute)e Fg(consequen)o(t-commands)h
|
|
Fl(only)f(if)g(the)g(\014nal)g(command)f(in)h Fg(test-commands)h
|
|
Fl(has)e(an)240 570 y(exit)c(status)e(of)h(zero.)20 b(Otherwise,)c(eac)
|
|
o(h)f Fk(elif)g Fl(list)h(is)f(executed)i(in)f(turn,)f(and)g(if)h(its)f
|
|
(exit)h(status)240 633 y(is)g(zero,)f(the)h(corresp)q(onding)h
|
|
Fg(more-consequen)o(ts)g Fl(is)f(executed)h(and)f(the)f(command)h
|
|
(completes.)240 695 y(If)i(\\)p Fk(else)d Fg(alternate-consequen)o(ts)r
|
|
Fl(")j(is)h(presen)o(t,)f(and)h(the)f(\014nal)h(command)f(in)h(the)g
|
|
(\014nal)g Fk(if)e Fl(or)240 757 y Fk(elif)e Fl(clause)h(has)f(a)g
|
|
(non-zero)g(exit)h(status,)e(then)h(execute)h Fg(alternate-consequen)o
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|
(ts)p Fl(.)0 846 y Fk(case)144 b Fl(The)15 b(syn)o(tax)g(of)g(the)g
|
|
Fk(case)g Fl(command)g(is:)360 910 y Fk(case)23 b Fg(w)o(ord)i
|
|
Fk(in)f([)p Fg(pattern)f Fk([|)h Fg(pattern)p Fk(]...\))f
|
|
Fg(commands)i Fk(;;]...)e(esac)240 986 y Fl(Selectiv)o(ely)c(execute)e
|
|
Fg(commands)h Fl(based)e(up)q(on)h Fg(w)o(ord)h Fl(matc)o(hing)e
|
|
Fg(pattern)p Fl(.)23 b(The)16 b(`)p Fk(|)p Fl(')g(is)h(used)g(to)240
|
|
1048 y(separate)e(m)o(ultiple)i(patterns.)240 1124 y(Here)d(is)h(an)f
|
|
(example)g(using)h Fk(case)e Fl(in)i(a)f(script)g(that)f(could)i(b)q(e)
|
|
g(used)f(to)g(describ)q(e)h(an)f(in)o(teresting)240 1186
|
|
y(feature)h(of)g(an)g(animal:)360 1249 y Fk(echo)23 b(-n)h("Enter)f
|
|
(the)g(name)h(of)f(an)h(animal:)f(")360 1299 y(read)g(ANIMAL)360
|
|
1349 y(echo)g(-n)h("The)f($ANIMAL)g(has)h(")360 1399
|
|
y(case)f($ANIMAL)g(in)408 1448 y(horse)g(|)h(dog)f(|)h(cat\))f(echo)g
|
|
(-n)h("four";;)408 1498 y(man)f(|)h(kangaroo)f(\))g(echo)h(-n)f
|
|
("two";;)408 1548 y(*\))g(echo)h(-n)f("an)h(unknown)f(number)g(of";;)
|
|
360 1598 y(esac)360 1648 y(echo)g("legs.")0 1881 y Fj(1.3)33
|
|
b(Shell)16 b(F)-6 b(unctions)62 2019 y Fl(Shell)20 b(functions)f(are)f
|
|
(a)g(w)o(a)o(y)g(to)f(group)h(commands)g(for)g(later)g(execution)h
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(using)g(a)f(single)i(name)e(for)g(the)0 2082 y(group.)36
|
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b(They)21 b(are)f(executed)h(just)g(lik)o(e)g(a)g Fk(")p
|
|
Fl(regular)p Fk(")f Fl(command.)36 b(Shell)22 b(functions)g(are)e
|
|
(executed)h(in)h(the)0 2144 y(curren)o(t)15 b(shell)i(con)o(text;)d(no)
|
|
h(new)h(pro)q(cess)f(is)h(created)f(to)g(in)o(terpret)g(them.)62
|
|
2282 y(F)l(unctions)h(are)f(declared)i(using)e(this)h(syn)o(tax:)120
|
|
2407 y Fk([)24 b(function)e(])i Fg(name)j Fk(\(\))c({)h
|
|
Fg(command-list)q Fk(;)h(})62 2545 y Fl(This)16 b(de\014nes)h(a)e
|
|
(function)i(named)e Fg(name)p Fl(.)21 b(The)16 b Fg(b)q(o)q(dy)k
|
|
Fl(of)15 b(the)h(function)g(is)g(the)g Fg(command-list)h
|
|
Fl(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)f Fk({)0 2608 y Fl(and)d Fk(})p Fl(.)19
|
|
b(This)14 b(list)g(is)g(executed)g(whenev)o(er)g Fg(name)i
|
|
Fl(is)d(sp)q(eci\014ed)j(as)c(the)i(name)f(of)g(a)g(command.)19
|
|
b(The)13 b(exit)h(status)0 2670 y(of)h(a)g(function)h(is)f(the)h(exit)f
|
|
(status)g(of)f(the)i(last)f(command)g(executed)h(in)g(the)f(b)q(o)q(dy)
|
|
l(.)p eop
|
|
3 4 bop 0 -58 a Fl(Chapter)15 b(1:)k(Bourne)d(Shell)h(St)o(yle)f(F)l
|
|
(eatures)1143 b(3)62 183 y(When)17 b(a)e(function)i(is)g(executed,)g
|
|
(the)f(argumen)o(ts)f(to)g(the)i(function)f(b)q(ecome)h(the)f(p)q
|
|
(ositional)i(parameters)0 246 y(during)h(its)f(execution.)29
|
|
b(The)18 b(sp)q(ecial)i(parameter)d Fk(#)h Fl(that)f(giv)o(es)h(the)g
|
|
(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h(of)e(p)q(ositional)i(parameters)e(is)0
|
|
308 y(up)q(dated)f(to)f(re\015ect)g(the)g(c)o(hange.)20
|
|
b(P)o(ositional)c(parameter)e(0)h(is)h(unc)o(hanged.)62
|
|
445 y(If)f(the)g(builtin)i(command)e Fk(return)f Fl(is)h(executed)h(in)
|
|
f(a)g(function,)g(the)g(function)g(completes)h(and)f(execution)0
|
|
507 y(resumes)g(with)h(the)f(next)h(command)f(after)f(the)h(function)i
|
|
(call.)k(When)15 b(a)g(function)h(completes,)g(the)f(v)m(alues)h(of)0
|
|
569 y(the)f(p)q(ositional)h(parameters)e(and)h(the)g(sp)q(ecial)i
|
|
(parameter)d Fk(#)h Fl(are)f(restored)g(to)h(the)g(v)m(alues)h(they)f
|
|
(had)g(prior)g(to)0 632 y(function)h(execution.)0 852
|
|
y Fj(1.4)33 b(Bourne)15 b(Shell)i(Builtins)62 989 y Fl(The)d(follo)o
|
|
(wing)g(shell)h(builtin)g(commands)e(are)g(inherited)i(from)e(the)g
|
|
(Bourne)h(shell.)21 b(These)13 b(commands)g(are)0 1052
|
|
y(implemen)o(ted)k(as)e(sp)q(eci\014ed)i(b)o(y)e(the)g(P)o(osix)h
|
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(1003.2)d(standard.)0 1200 y Fk(:)216 b Fl(Do)15 b(nothing)g(b)q(ey)o
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(ond)h(expanding)h(an)o(y)d(argumen)o(ts)h(and)g(p)q(erforming)h
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(redirections.)0 1286 y Fk(.)216 b Fl(Read)15 b(and)g(execute)g
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|
(commands)g(from)f(the)h Fg(\014lename)j Fl(argumen)o(t)c(in)h(the)g
|
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(curren)o(t)g(shell)h(con)o(text.)0 1371 y Fk(break)120
|
|
b Fl(Exit)15 b(from)g(a)g Fk(for)p Fl(,)f Fk(while)p
|
|
Fl(,)g(or)h Fk(until)f Fl(lo)q(op.)0 1457 y Fk(cd)192
|
|
b Fl(Change)15 b(the)g(curren)o(t)h(w)o(orking)e(directory)l(.)0
|
|
1542 y Fk(continue)48 b Fl(Resume)16 b(the)f(next)h(iteration)f(of)g
|
|
(an)g(enclosing)i Fk(for)p Fl(,)d Fk(while)p Fl(,)g(or)h
|
|
Fk(until)f Fl(lo)q(op.)0 1628 y Fk(echo)144 b Fl(Prin)o(t)15
|
|
b(the)g(argumen)o(ts,)f(separated)h(b)o(y)g(spaces,)h(to)e(the)h
|
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(standard)g(output.)0 1713 y Fk(eval)144 b Fl(The)17
|
|
b(argumen)o(ts)g(are)f(concatenated)h(together)g(in)o(to)g(a)g(single)h
|
|
(command,)f(whic)o(h)h(is)g(then)f(read)240 1776 y(and)e(executed.)0
|
|
1861 y Fk(exec)144 b Fl(If)16 b(a)g Fg(command)i Fl(argumen)o(t)d(is)i
|
|
(supplied,)h(it)f(replaces)g(the)f(shell.)24 b(If)17
|
|
b(no)f Fg(command)i Fl(is)e(sp)q(eci\014ed,)240 1924
|
|
y(redirections)g(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)h(used)g(to)e(a\013ect)h(the)g(curren)o
|
|
(t)g(shell)i(en)o(vironmen)o(t.)0 2009 y Fk(exit)144
|
|
b Fl(Exit)15 b(the)h(shell.)0 2095 y Fk(export)96 b Fl(Mark)14
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|
b(the)i(argumen)o(ts)e(as)h(v)m(ariables)h(to)f(b)q(e)h(passed)f(to)g
|
|
(c)o(hild)i(pro)q(cesses)e(in)h(the)f(en)o(vironmen)o(t.)0
|
|
2180 y Fk(getopts)72 b Fl(P)o(arse)14 b(options)i(to)e(shell)j(scripts)
|
|
f(or)e(functions.)0 2266 y Fk(hash)144 b Fl(Remem)o(b)q(er)17
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|
b(the)g(full)g(pathnames)g(of)f(commands)g(sp)q(eci\014ed)i(as)e
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(argumen)o(ts,)g(so)g(they)g(need)h(not)240 2328 y(b)q(e)f(searc)o(hed)
|
|
f(for)g(on)g(subsequen)o(t)h(in)o(v)o(o)q(cations.)0
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2413 y Fk(kill)144 b Fl(Send)16 b(a)f(signal)h(to)f(a)f(pro)q(cess.)0
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|
2499 y Fk(pwd)168 b Fl(Prin)o(t)15 b(the)g(curren)o(t)h(w)o(orking)e
|
|
(directory)l(.)0 2584 y Fk(read)144 b Fl(Read)16 b(a)f(line)i(from)d
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(the)h(shell)i(input)f(and)g(use)f(it)h(to)e(set)h(the)g(v)m(alues)i
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(of)e(sp)q(eci\014ed)i(v)m(ariables.)0 2670 y Fk(readonly)48
|
|
b Fl(Mark)14 b(v)m(ariables)j(as)e(unc)o(hangable.)p
|
|
eop
|
|
4 5 bop 0 -58 a Fl(4)1646 b(Bash)15 b(F)l(eatures)0 183
|
|
y Fk(return)96 b Fl(Cause)15 b(a)g(shell)i(function)f(to)e(exit)i(with)
|
|
g(a)e(sp)q(eci\014ed)k(v)m(alue.)0 283 y Fk(shift)120
|
|
b Fl(Shift)16 b(p)q(ositional)g(parameters)f(to)f(the)i(left.)0
|
|
383 y Fk(test)0 464 y([)216 b Fl(Ev)m(aluate)16 b(a)f(conditional)h
|
|
(expression.)0 564 y Fk(times)120 b Fl(Prin)o(t)15 b(out)g(the)g(user)h
|
|
(and)f(system)g(times)g(used)h(b)o(y)f(the)g(shell)i(and)f(its)f(c)o
|
|
(hildren.)0 664 y Fk(trap)144 b Fl(Sp)q(ecify)17 b(commands)e(to)f(b)q
|
|
(e)i(executed)g(when)g(the)f(shell)i(receiv)o(es)f(signals.)0
|
|
764 y Fk(umask)120 b Fl(Set)15 b(the)h(shell)g(pro)q(cess's)f(\014le)i
|
|
(creation)e(mask.)0 863 y Fk(unset)120 b Fl(Cause)15
|
|
b(shell)i(v)m(ariables)f(to)f(disapp)q(ear.)0 963 y Fk(wait)144
|
|
b Fl(W)l(ait)15 b(un)o(til)h(c)o(hild)h(pro)q(cesses)f(exit)g(and)f
|
|
(rep)q(ort)g(their)g(exit)h(status.)0 1244 y Fj(1.5)33
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|
b(Bourne)15 b(Shell)i(V)-6 b(ariables)62 1388 y Fl(Bash)20
|
|
b(uses)h(certain)f(shell)h(v)m(ariables)h(in)f(the)f(same)f(w)o(a)o(y)g
|
|
(as)h(the)g(Bourne)g(shell.)36 b(In)21 b(some)e(cases,)i(Bash)0
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|
1450 y(assigns)15 b(a)g(default)h(v)m(alue)g(to)f(the)g(v)m(ariable.)0
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1612 y Fk(IFS)168 b Fl(A)19 b(list)i(of)d(c)o(haracters)h(that)g
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(separate)f(\014elds;)23 b(used)d(when)f(the)h(shell)h(splits)f(w)o
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|
|
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|
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1874 y Fk(HOME)144 b Fl(The)15 b(curren)o(t)h(user's)e(home)i
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2261 y(mail\014le.)0 2360 y Fk(PS1)168 b Fl(The)15 b(primary)h(prompt)e
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|
(string.)0 2460 y Fk(PS2)168 b Fl(The)15 b(secondary)h(prompt)e
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|
(string.)0 2560 y Fk(OPTIND)96 b Fl(The)15 b(index)i(of)e(the)g(last)g
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5 6 bop 0 -58 a Fl(Chapter)15 b(1:)k(Bourne)d(Shell)h(St)o(yle)f(F)l
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(eatures)1143 b(5)0 183 y Fj(1.6)33 b(Other)15 b(Bourne)g(Shell)i(F)-6
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b(eatures)62 321 y Fl(Bash)15 b(implemen)o(ts)g(essen)o(tially)h(the)e
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(eci\014cation)h(of)e(ho)o(w)0 446 y(these)i(features)f(are)g(to)g(b)q
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(et)o(w)o(een)g(the)f(traditional)i(Bourne)0 508 y(shell)f(and)f(the)f
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|
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571 y(of)f(these)g(di\013erences)i(are)d(explained)k(in)e(greater)e
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|
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b(V)l(ery)17 b(useful)g(when)g(an)0 990 y Fk(if)e Fl(statemen)o(t)f
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|
1128 y(Bash)i(includes)h(brace)e(expansion)h(\(see)g(Section)g(2.2)e
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([Brace)h(Expansion],)g(page)g(7\).)62 1266 y(Bash)h(includes)h(the)f
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|
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|
1467 y(The)j(P)o(osix)g(and)g Fk(ksh)p Fl(-st)o(yle)g
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2131 y(longstanding)c(shell)h(securit)o(y)e(hole.)62
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6 7 bop 0 -58 a Fl(6)1646 b(Bash)15 b(F)l(eatures)62
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183 y(Bash)i(allo)o(ws)g(y)o(ou)f(to)g(write)g(a)g(function)i(to)e(o)o
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(builtin's)0 246 y(functionalit)o(y)g(within)h(the)e(function)h(via)g
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(erformed.)62 519 y(Individual)k(builtins)g(ma)o(y)c(b)q(e)i(enabled)h
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(or)e(disabled)i(using)e(the)h Fk(enable)e Fl(builtin.)62
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7 8 bop 0 -58 a Fl(Chapter)15 b(2:)k(C-Shell)f(St)o(yle)d(F)l(eatures)
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417 y(b)q(etter)e(features)f(for)g(in)o(teractiv)o(e)h(use)g(than)f
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|
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|
|
b(When)17 b(no)h(argumen)o(ts)e(are)240 327 y(giv)o(en,)f(remo)o(v)o
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|
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Fk(cd)p Fl(s)g(to)g(the)g(new)h(top)f(directory)l(.)20
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|
b(The)240 389 y(elemen)o(ts)14 b(are)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(ered)g(from)f(0)g
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Fk(dirs)p Fl(;)f(i.e.)20 b Fk(popd)240 452 y Fl(is)c(equiv)m(alen)o(t)h
|
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(to)d Fk(popd)h(+0)p Fl(.)240 553 y Fk(+)p Fg(n)191 b
|
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Fl(Remo)o(v)o(es)19 b(the)g Fg(n)p Fl(th)g(directory)g(\(coun)o(ting)g
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|
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615 y Fk(dirs)p Fl(\),)14 b(starting)g(with)i(zero.)240
|
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716 y Fk(-)p Fg(n)191 b Fl(Remo)o(v)o(es)16 b(the)h Fg(n)p
|
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Fl(th)f(directory)h(\(coun)o(ting)g(from)e(the)i(righ)o(t)f(of)g(the)h
|
|
(list)g(prin)o(ted)g(b)o(y)480 778 y Fk(dirs)p Fl(\),)d(starting)g
|
|
(with)i(zero.)0 879 y Fk(dirs)360 948 y(dirs)23 b([+)p
|
|
Fg(n)h Fk(|)g(-)p Fg(n)p Fk(])g([-)p Fg(l)r Fk(])240
|
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1030 y Fl(Displa)o(y)19 b(the)f(list)i(of)d(curren)o(tly)i(remem)o(b)q
|
|
(ered)g(directories.)31 b(Directories)19 b(\014nd)g(their)g(w)o(a)o(y)e
|
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(on)o(to)240 1092 y(the)e(list)h(with)g(the)f Fk(pushd)f
|
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Fl(command;)h(y)o(ou)g(can)g(get)g(bac)o(k)g(up)h(through)f(the)g(list)
|
|
h(with)f(the)h Fk(popd)240 1155 y Fl(command.)240 1256
|
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y Fk(+)p Fg(n)191 b Fl(Displa)o(ys)20 b(the)g Fg(n)p
|
|
Fl(th)f(directory)h(\(coun)o(ting)g(from)f(the)h(left)f(of)h(the)f
|
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(list)i(prin)o(ted)f(b)o(y)480 1318 y Fk(dirs)15 b Fl(when)g(in)o(v)o
|
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(ok)o(ed)h(without)f(options\),)g(starting)f(with)i(zero.)240
|
|
1419 y Fk(-)p Fg(n)191 b Fl(Displa)o(ys)18 b(the)f Fg(n)p
|
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Fl(th)g(directory)g(\(coun)o(ting)g(from)g(the)g(righ)o(t)g(of)f(the)h
|
|
(list)h(prin)o(ted)g(b)o(y)480 1481 y Fk(dirs)d Fl(when)g(in)o(v)o(ok)o
|
|
(ed)h(without)f(options\),)g(starting)f(with)i(zero.)240
|
|
1582 y Fk(-)p Fg(l)204 b Fl(Pro)q(duces)16 b(a)g(longer)g(listing;)i
|
|
(the)e(default)g(listing)i(format)c(uses)i(a)g(tilde)h(to)f(denote)480
|
|
1644 y(the)f(home)g(directory)l(.)0 1745 y Fk(history)360
|
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1815 y(history)23 b([)p Fg(n)p Fk(])h([)f([-w)h(-r)g(-a)f(-n])h([)p
|
|
Fg(\014lename)s Fk(]])240 1896 y Fl(Displa)o(y)c(the)g(history)g(list)h
|
|
(with)f(line)i(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers.)34 b(Lines)21 b(pre\014xed)g(with)f
|
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(with)g(a)g Fk(*)f Fl(ha)o(v)o(e)h(b)q(een)240 1958 y(mo)q(di\014ed.)25
|
|
b(An)17 b(argumen)o(t)f(of)g Fg(n)g Fl(sa)o(ys)g(to)g(list)h(only)g
|
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|
|
Fl(means)h(write)240 2021 y(out)i(the)g(curren)o(t)g(history)g(to)f
|
|
(the)i(history)f(\014le;)i Fk(-r)e Fl(means)g(to)g(read)g(the)g(curren)
|
|
o(t)g(history)g(\014le)240 2083 y(and)e(mak)o(e)g(its)g(con)o(ten)o(ts)
|
|
f(the)h(history)g(list.)26 b(An)18 b(argumen)o(t)e(of)g
|
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Fk(-a)h Fl(means)g(to)f(app)q(end)j(the)e(new)240 2145
|
|
y(history)f(lines)i(\(history)d(lines)j(en)o(tered)e(since)h(the)f(b)q
|
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(eginning)j(of)c(the)h(curren)o(t)g(Bash)g(session\))h(to)240
|
|
2208 y(the)g(history)f(\014le.)25 b(Finally)l(,)18 b(the)f
|
|
Fk(-n)f Fl(argumen)o(t)g(means)h(to)f(read)g(the)h(history)f(lines)i
|
|
(not)f(already)240 2270 y(read)i(from)g(the)g(history)g(\014le)h(in)o
|
|
(to)f(the)h(curren)o(t)f(history)g(list.)33 b(These)19
|
|
b(are)g(lines)i(app)q(ended)g(to)240 2332 y(the)d(history)h(\014le)g
|
|
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|
|
30 b(If)18 b Fg(\014lename)k Fl(is)d(giv)o(en,)240 2394
|
|
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|
|
Fk($HISTFILE)e Fl(has)h(a)g(v)m(alue,)h(that)e(is)i(used,)g(otherwise)
|
|
240 2457 y(`)p Fk(~/.bash_history)p Fl(')d(is)k(used.)0
|
|
2558 y Fk(logout)96 b Fl(Exit)15 b(a)g(login)h(shell.)0
|
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2659 y Fk(source)96 b Fl(A)15 b(synon)o(ym)g(for)g Fk(.)g
|
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Fl(\(see)g(Section)h(1.4)e([Bourne)h(Shell)j(Builtins],)e(page)f(3\))p
|
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eop
|
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10 11 bop 0 -58 a Fl(10)1623 b(Bash)15 b(F)l(eatures)0
|
|
183 y Fj(2.4)33 b(C)14 b(Shell)j(V)-6 b(ariables)0 320
|
|
y Fk(IGNOREEOF)240 382 y Fl(If)12 b(this)h(v)m(ariable)g(is)g(set,)f
|
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(it)h(represen)o(ts)f(the)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)g(consecutiv)o(e)h
|
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Fk(EOF)p Fl(s)f(Bash)g(will)i(read)e(b)q(efore)240 445
|
|
y(exiting.)21 b(By)15 b(default,)h(Bash)f(will)i(exit)e(up)q(on)h
|
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(reading)g(a)f(single)h Fk(EOF)p Fl(.)0 519 y Fk(cdable_vars)240
|
|
582 y Fl(If)g(this)g(v)m(ariable)i(is)e(set,)g(Bash)g(treats)e(argumen)
|
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o(ts)h(to)h(the)g Fk(cd)f Fl(command)h(whic)o(h)h(are)e(not)h(direc-)
|
|
240 644 y(tories)f(as)g(names)g(of)g(v)m(ariables)h(whose)f(v)m(alues)i
|
|
(are)e(the)g(directories)h(to)f(c)o(hange)g(to.)p eop
|
|
11 12 bop 0 -58 a Fl(Chapter)15 b(3:)k(Korn)d(Shell)h(St)o(yle)e(F)l
|
|
(eatures)1164 b(11)0 183 y Fh(3)41 b(Korn)15 b(Shell)f(St)n(yle)g(F)-7
|
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b(eatures)62 373 y Fl(This)23 b(section)g(describ)q(es)h(features)e
|
|
(primarily)h(inspired)h(b)o(y)f(the)f(Korn)g(Shell)j(\()p
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|
Fk(ksh)p Fl(\).)40 b(In)22 b(some)g(cases,)0 435 y(the)17
|
|
b(P)o(osix)f(1003.2)f(standard)h(has)h(adopted)g(these)f(commands)h
|
|
(and)g(v)m(ariables)h(from)e(the)g(Korn)h(Shell;)i(Bash)0
|
|
498 y(implemen)o(ts)d(those)f(features)g(using)h(the)f(P)o(osix)h
|
|
(standard)e(as)h(a)g(guide.)0 728 y Fj(3.1)33 b(Korn)15
|
|
b(Shell)i(Constructs)62 865 y Fl(Bash)h(includes)j(the)d(Korn)g(Shell)i
|
|
Fk(select)d Fl(construct.)28 b(This)18 b(construct)g(allo)o(ws)g(the)g
|
|
(easy)g(generation)g(of)0 928 y(men)o(us.)i(It)15 b(has)g(almost)g(the)
|
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g(same)g(syn)o(tax)g(as)g(the)g Fk(for)g Fl(command.)62
|
|
1065 y(The)h(syn)o(tax)e(of)h(the)g Fk(select)g Fl(command)g(is:)120
|
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1190 y Fk(select)23 b Fg(name)k Fk([in)c Fg(w)o(ords)i
|
|
Fk(...];)e(do)h Fg(commands)r Fk(;)f(done)62 1328 y Fl(The)13
|
|
b(list)g(of)g(w)o(ords)e(follo)o(wing)j Fk(in)e Fl(is)h(expanded,)h
|
|
(generating)f(a)f(list)h(of)f(items.)20 b(The)13 b(set)f(of)g(expanded)
|
|
i(w)o(ords)0 1390 y(is)19 b(prin)o(ted)g(on)g(the)f(standard)g(error,)g
|
|
(eac)o(h)h(preceded)h(b)o(y)e(a)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er.)30
|
|
b(If)19 b(the)f(\\)p Fk(in)d Fg(w)o(ords)r Fl(")i(is)i(omitted,)g(the)0
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|
1452 y(p)q(ositional)g(parameters)d(are)h(prin)o(ted.)26
|
|
b(The)18 b Fk(PS3)e Fl(prompt)h(is)h(then)f(displa)o(y)o(ed)i(and)e(a)g
|
|
(line)i(is)e(read)g(from)g(the)0 1515 y(standard)h(input.)32
|
|
b(If)19 b(the)g(line)h(consists)f(of)g(the)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(corresp)
|
|
q(onding)h(to)e(one)h(of)f(the)h(displa)o(y)o(ed)h(w)o(ords,)0
|
|
1577 y(then)13 b(the)g(v)m(alue)h(of)e Fg(name)k Fl(is)d(set)f(to)g
|
|
(that)g(w)o(ord.)19 b(If)13 b(the)g(line)h(is)f(empt)o(y)l(,)g(the)g(w)
|
|
o(ords)f(and)h(prompt)f(are)h(displa)o(y)o(ed)0 1639
|
|
y(again.)19 b(If)14 b Fk(EOF)g Fl(is)g(read,)f(the)h
|
|
Fk(select)f Fl(command)h(completes.)20 b(An)o(y)14 b(other)f(v)m(alue)i
|
|
(read)e(causes)h Fg(name)j Fl(to)c(b)q(e)h(set)0 1702
|
|
y(to)h(n)o(ull.)21 b(The)15 b(line)i(read)e(is)h(sa)o(v)o(ed)f(in)h
|
|
(the)f(v)m(ariable)i Fk(REPLY)p Fl(.)62 1839 y(The)d
|
|
Fg(commands)h Fl(are)f(executed)g(after)f(eac)o(h)g(selection)i(un)o
|
|
(til)g(a)e Fk(break)g Fl(or)g Fk(return)g Fl(command)g(is)h(executed,)0
|
|
1901 y(at)h(whic)o(h)h(p)q(oin)o(t)f(the)h Fk(select)e
|
|
Fl(command)h(completes.)0 2131 y Fj(3.2)33 b(Korn)15
|
|
b(Shell)i(Builtins)62 2269 y Fl(This)f(section)g(describ)q(es)h(Bash)e
|
|
(builtin)i(commands)e(tak)o(en)g(from)g Fk(ksh)p Fl(.)0
|
|
2420 y Fk(fc)360 2483 y(fc)24 b([-e)f Fg(ename)s Fk(])h([-nlr])f([)p
|
|
Fg(\014rst)q Fk(])g([)p Fg(last)q Fk(])360 2532 y(fc)h(-s)f([)p
|
|
Fg(pat=rep)q Fk(])h([)p Fg(command)r Fk(])240 2608 y
|
|
Fl(Fix)19 b(Command.)29 b(In)20 b(the)e(\014rst)h(form,)f(a)g(range)g
|
|
(of)h(commands)f(from)g Fg(\014rst)h Fl(to)f Fg(last)i
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|
Fl(is)f(selected)240 2670 y(from)f(the)g(history)h(list.)30
|
|
b(Both)18 b Fg(\014rst)h Fl(and)g Fg(last)g Fl(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)h(sp)q
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|
(eci\014ed)i(as)d(a)g(string)h(\(to)e(lo)q(cate)i(the)p
|
|
eop
|
|
12 13 bop 0 -58 a Fl(12)1623 b(Bash)15 b(F)l(eatures)240
|
|
183 y(most)h(recen)o(t)h(command)g(b)q(eginning)i(with)f(that)e
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|
(string\))h(or)f(as)h(a)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(\(an)g(index)h(in)o(to)f
|
|
(the)240 246 y(history)g(list,)h(where)g(a)f(negativ)o(e)g(n)o(um)o(b)q
|
|
(er)h(is)g(used)g(as)f(an)g(o\013set)f(from)h(the)g(curren)o(t)g
|
|
(command)240 308 y(n)o(um)o(b)q(er\).)k(If)15 b Fg(last)i
|
|
Fl(is)f(not)f(sp)q(eci\014ed)i(it)f(is)g(set)f(to)g Fg(\014rst)p
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|
Fl(.)21 b(If)15 b Fg(\014rst)h Fl(is)g(not)f(sp)q(eci\014ed)j(it)e(is)g
|
|
(set)f(to)g(the)240 370 y(previous)f(command)g(for)e(editing)j(and)f
|
|
(-16)f(for)g(listing.)20 b(If)14 b(the)g Fk(-l)f Fl(\015ag)g(is)h(giv)o
|
|
(en,)g(the)f(commands)240 432 y(are)19 b(listed)i(on)e(standard)g
|
|
(output.)32 b(The)19 b Fk(-n)g Fl(\015ag)g(suppresses)h(the)g(command)f
|
|
(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers)g(when)240 495 y(listing.)31 b(The)18
|
|
b Fk(-r)g Fl(\015ag)h(rev)o(erses)f(the)g(order)g(of)g(the)h(listing.)
|
|
30 b(Otherwise,)20 b(the)f(editor)f(giv)o(en)h(b)o(y)240
|
|
557 y Fg(ename)d Fl(is)d(in)o(v)o(ok)o(ed)h(on)f(a)g(\014le)h(con)o
|
|
(taining)g(those)e(commands.)19 b(If)14 b Fg(ename)i
|
|
Fl(is)d(not)g(giv)o(en,)h(the)f(v)m(alue)240 619 y(of)h(the)g(follo)o
|
|
(wing)i(v)m(ariable)f(expansion)h(is)f(used:)20 b Fk
|
|
(${FCEDIT:-${EDITOR:-vi}})o Fl(.)d(This)e(sa)o(ys)f(to)240
|
|
681 y(use)g(the)g(v)m(alue)g(of)f(the)h Fk(FCEDIT)f Fl(v)m(ariable)i
|
|
(if)f(set,)f(or)g(the)h(v)m(alue)g(of)f(the)h Fk(EDITOR)f
|
|
Fl(v)m(ariable)i(if)f(that)e(is)240 744 y(set,)i(or)g
|
|
Fk(vi)h Fl(if)g(neither)h(is)f(set.)20 b(When)15 b(editing)h(is)f
|
|
(complete,)g(the)g(edited)h(commands)f(are)f(ec)o(ho)q(ed)240
|
|
806 y(and)h(executed.)240 881 y(In)h(the)g(second)g(form,)f
|
|
Fg(command)i Fl(is)f(re-executed)h(after)e(eac)o(h)h(instance)g(of)f
|
|
Fg(pat)i Fl(in)f(the)g(selected)240 944 y(command)f(is)h(replaced)g(b)o
|
|
(y)f Fg(rep)p Fl(.)240 1019 y(A)20 b(useful)i(alias)f(to)e(use)i(with)f
|
|
(the)h Fk(fc)f Fl(command)g(is)h Fk(r='fc)14 b(-s')p
|
|
Fl(,)21 b(so)f(that)f(t)o(yping)i Fk(r)15 b(cc)20 b Fl(runs)240
|
|
1081 y(the)c(last)g(command)h(b)q(eginning)h(with)f Fk(cc)e
|
|
Fl(and)i(t)o(yping)f Fk(r)g Fl(re-executes)h(the)g(last)f(command)g
|
|
(\(see)240 1144 y(Section)g(3.4)e([Aliases],)h(page)h(13\).)0
|
|
1232 y Fk(let)168 b Fl(The)15 b Fk(let)f Fl(builtin)j(allo)o(ws)d
|
|
(arithmetic)h(to)f(b)q(e)i(p)q(erformed)e(on)h(shell)h(v)m(ariables.)21
|
|
b(F)l(or)14 b(details,)h(refer)240 1294 y(to)g(Section)h(4.7.3)d
|
|
([Arithmetic)j(Builtins],)h(page)e(26.)0 1383 y Fk(typeset)72
|
|
b Fl(The)17 b Fk(typeset)f Fl(command)h(is)h(supplied)h(for)d
|
|
(compatibilit)o(y)j(with)e(the)g(Korn)g(shell;)i(ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)e
|
|
(it)240 1445 y(has)j(b)q(een)i(made)f(obsolete)g(b)o(y)f(the)h
|
|
Fk(declare)e Fl(command)i(\(see)f(Section)i(4.4)d([Bash)i(Builtins],)
|
|
240 1508 y(page)15 b(17\).)0 1738 y Fj(3.3)33 b(Korn)15
|
|
b(Shell)i(V)-6 b(ariables)0 1889 y Fk(REPLY)120 b Fl(The)15
|
|
b(default)h(v)m(ariable)h(for)d(the)i Fk(read)e Fl(builtin.)0
|
|
1978 y Fk(RANDOM)96 b Fl(Eac)o(h)19 b(time)h(this)f(parameter)g(is)h
|
|
(referenced,)h(a)e(random)f(in)o(teger)i(is)g(generated.)32
|
|
b(Assigning)20 b(a)240 2040 y(v)m(alue)c(to)f(this)h(v)m(ariable)g
|
|
(seeds)g(the)f(random)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(generator.)0
|
|
2129 y Fk(SECONDS)72 b Fl(This)13 b(v)m(ariable)g(expands)g(to)e(the)h
|
|
(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)g(seconds)h(since)g(the)f(shell)h(w)o(as)f
|
|
(started.)18 b(Assignmen)o(t)240 2191 y(to)12 b(this)i(v)m(ariable)g
|
|
(resets)e(the)h(coun)o(t)g(to)f(the)h(v)m(alue)i(assigned,)e(and)g(the)
|
|
g(expanded)h(v)m(alue)g(b)q(ecomes)240 2253 y(the)h(v)m(alue)i
|
|
(assigned)f(plus)g(the)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h(of)e(seconds)i(since)g(the)g
|
|
(assignmen)o(t.)0 2342 y Fk(PS3)168 b Fl(The)15 b(v)m(alue)i(of)e(this)
|
|
g(v)m(ariable)i(is)f(used)f(as)g(the)g(prompt)g(for)g(the)g
|
|
Fk(select)f Fl(command.)0 2430 y Fk(PS4)168 b Fl(This)18
|
|
b(is)f(the)g(prompt)g(prin)o(ted)h(b)q(efore)f(the)g(command)g(line)i
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|
(is)f(ec)o(ho)q(ed)g(when)f(the)g Fk(-x)g Fl(option)g(is)240
|
|
2493 y(set)e(\(see)g(Section)h(4.5)e([The)i(Set)f(Builtin],)h(page)g
|
|
(20\).)0 2581 y Fk(PWD)168 b Fl(The)15 b(curren)o(t)h(w)o(orking)e
|
|
(directory)i(as)f(set)g(b)o(y)g(the)g Fk(cd)g Fl(builtin.)0
|
|
2670 y Fk(OLDPWD)96 b Fl(The)15 b(previous)h(w)o(orking)f(directory)h
|
|
(as)e(set)h(b)o(y)h(the)f Fk(cd)g Fl(builtin.)p eop
|
|
13 14 bop 0 -58 a Fl(Chapter)15 b(3:)k(Korn)d(Shell)h(St)o(yle)e(F)l
|
|
(eatures)1164 b(13)0 183 y Fk(TMOUT)120 b Fl(If)14 b(set)g(to)g(a)g(v)m
|
|
(alue)h(greater)e(than)h(zero,)g(the)g(v)m(alue)i(is)e(in)o(terpreted)h
|
|
(as)f(the)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)g(seconds)h(to)240 246
|
|
y(w)o(ait)f(for)f(input)i(after)e(issuing)i(the)g(primary)f(prompt.)19
|
|
b(Bash)14 b(terminates)g(after)f(that)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h(of)240
|
|
308 y(seconds)i(if)f(input)i(do)q(es)e(not)g(arriv)o(e.)0
|
|
528 y Fj(3.4)33 b(Aliases)62 665 y Fl(The)19 b(shell)i(main)o(tains)e
|
|
(a)f(list)i(of)e Fg(aliases)k Fl(that)c(ma)o(y)g(b)q(e)h(set)g(and)g
|
|
(unset)g(with)g(the)g Fk(alias)f Fl(and)h Fk(unalias)0
|
|
727 y Fl(builtin)e(commands.)62 864 y(The)i(\014rst)f(w)o(ord)f(of)h
|
|
(eac)o(h)h(command,)f(if)h(unquoted,)g(is)g(c)o(hec)o(k)o(ed)g(to)f
|
|
(see)g(if)h(it)g(has)f(an)g(alias.)30 b(If)18 b(so,)h(that)0
|
|
927 y(w)o(ord)12 b(is)i(replaced)g(b)o(y)f(the)g(text)f(of)h(the)g
|
|
(alias.)20 b(The)13 b(alias)h(name)f(and)g(the)g(replacemen)o(t)g(text)
|
|
g(ma)o(y)f(con)o(tain)h(an)o(y)0 989 y(v)m(alid)18 b(shell)h(input,)f
|
|
(including)h(shell)g(metac)o(haracters,)c(with)i(the)g(exception)h
|
|
(that)e(the)h(alias)g(name)g(ma)o(y)f(not)0 1051 y(con)o(tain)g
|
|
Fk(=)p Fl(.)k(The)c(\014rst)f(w)o(ord)f(of)h(the)h(replacemen)o(t)g
|
|
(text)f(is)h(tested)f(for)g(aliases,)h(but)g(a)f(w)o(ord)f(that)h(is)h
|
|
(iden)o(tical)0 1113 y(to)g(an)h(alias)h(b)q(eing)g(expanded)g(is)g
|
|
(not)e(expanded)i(a)f(second)h(time.)25 b(This)18 b(means)f(that)f(one)
|
|
h(ma)o(y)f(alias)i Fk(ls)f Fl(to)0 1176 y Fk("ls)e(-F")p
|
|
Fl(,)j(for)f(instance,)j(and)e(Bash)g(do)q(es)h(not)f(try)f(to)h
|
|
(recursiv)o(ely)h(expand)g(the)f(replacemen)o(t)h(text.)28
|
|
b(If)19 b(the)0 1238 y(last)14 b(c)o(haracter)f(of)h(the)g(alias)h(v)m
|
|
(alue)g(is)g(a)e(space)i(or)e(tab)h(c)o(haracter,)f(then)i(the)f(next)g
|
|
(command)g(w)o(ord)f(follo)o(wing)0 1300 y(the)i(alias)h(is)g(also)f(c)
|
|
o(hec)o(k)o(ed)h(for)e(alias)i(expansion.)62 1437 y(Aliases)i(are)f
|
|
(created)g(and)g(listed)h(with)f(the)g Fk(alias)g Fl(command,)f(and)h
|
|
(remo)o(v)o(ed)g(with)g(the)g Fk(unalias)f Fl(com-)0
|
|
1499 y(mand.)62 1636 y(There)i(is)h(no)f(mec)o(hanism)g(for)f(using)i
|
|
(argumen)o(ts)e(in)i(the)f(replacemen)o(t)g(text,)g(as)f(in)i
|
|
Fk(csh)p Fl(.)28 b(If)18 b(argumen)o(ts)0 1699 y(are)d(needed,)h(a)f
|
|
(shell)i(function)f(should)g(b)q(e)g(used.)62 1836 y(Aliases)h(are)d
|
|
(not)h(expanded)i(when)e(the)g(shell)i(is)f(not)f(in)o(teractiv)o(e.)62
|
|
1973 y(The)d(rules)g(concerning)g(the)g(de\014nition)h(and)e(use)h(of)f
|
|
(aliases)h(are)e(somewhat)h(confusing.)19 b(Bash)12 b(alw)o(a)o(ys)e
|
|
(reads)0 2035 y(at)k(least)h(one)g(complete)h(line)g(of)f(input)g(b)q
|
|
(efore)h(executing)g(an)o(y)e(of)g(the)h(commands)g(on)g(that)f(line.)
|
|
21 b(Aliases)16 b(are)0 2097 y(expanded)c(when)g(a)f(command)g(is)g
|
|
(read,)h(not)f(when)g(it)h(is)f(executed.)20 b(Therefore,)11
|
|
b(an)g(alias)h(de\014nition)h(app)q(earing)0 2159 y(on)h(the)g(same)g
|
|
(line)h(as)f(another)f(command)h(do)q(es)h(not)e(tak)o(e)g(e\013ect)h
|
|
(un)o(til)h(the)f(next)g(line)i(of)d(input)i(is)g(read.)k(This)0
|
|
2222 y(means)f(that)f(the)h(commands)f(follo)o(wing)i(the)f(alias)g
|
|
(de\014nition)i(on)d(that)g(line)j(are)d(not)h(a\013ected)f(b)o(y)h
|
|
(the)g(new)0 2284 y(alias.)24 b(This)16 b(b)q(eha)o(vior)h(is)g(also)f
|
|
(an)g(issue)h(when)g(functions)g(are)f(executed.)24 b(Aliases)17
|
|
b(are)f(expanded)h(when)g(the)0 2346 y(function)e(de\014nition)h(is)e
|
|
(read,)g(not)f(when)i(the)f(function)g(is)h(executed,)g(b)q(ecause)f(a)
|
|
g(function)h(de\014nition)h(is)e(itself)0 2408 y(a)g(comp)q(ound)g
|
|
(command.)20 b(As)13 b(a)h(consequence,)h(aliases)g(de\014ned)g(in)g(a)
|
|
e(function)i(are)f(not)f(a)o(v)m(ailable)j(un)o(til)f(after)0
|
|
2471 y(that)i(function)h(is)g(executed.)27 b(T)l(o)17
|
|
b(b)q(e)h(safe,)f(alw)o(a)o(ys)g(put)g(alias)h(de\014nitions)h(on)f(a)f
|
|
(separate)f(line,)k(and)d(do)g(not)0 2533 y(use)f Fk(alias)e
|
|
Fl(in)i(comp)q(ound)g(commands.)62 2670 y(Note)f(that)g(for)f(almost)h
|
|
(ev)o(ery)g(purp)q(ose,)g(aliases)h(are)f(sup)q(erseded)i(b)o(y)e
|
|
(shell)i(functions.)p eop
|
|
14 15 bop 0 -58 a Fl(14)1623 b(Bash)15 b(F)l(eatures)0
|
|
183 y Ff(3.4.1)30 b(Alias)15 b(Builtins)0 333 y Fk(alias)360
|
|
395 y(alias)23 b([)p Fg(name)s Fk([=)p Fg(v)m(alue)s
|
|
Fk(])h(...])240 470 y Fl(Without)16 b(argumen)o(ts,)e(prin)o(t)i(the)g
|
|
(list)g(of)g(aliases)g(on)f(the)h(standard)f(output.)22
|
|
b(If)15 b(argumen)o(ts)g(are)240 532 y(supplied,)k(an)e(alias)g(is)g
|
|
(de\014ned)h(for)e(eac)o(h)h Fg(name)i Fl(whose)d Fg(v)m(alue)21
|
|
b Fl(is)c(giv)o(en.)25 b(If)17 b(no)f Fg(v)m(alue)21
|
|
b Fl(is)c(giv)o(en,)240 594 y(the)e(name)g(and)h(v)m(alue)g(of)f(the)g
|
|
(alias)h(is)g(prin)o(ted.)0 681 y Fk(unalias)360 744
|
|
y(unalias)23 b([-a])g([)p Fg(name)k Fk(...)c(])240 818
|
|
y Fl(Remo)o(v)o(e)15 b(eac)o(h)g Fg(name)j Fl(from)d(the)g(list)h(of)f
|
|
(aliases.)20 b(If)c Fk(-a)f Fl(is)g(supplied,)i(all)g(aliases)e(are)g
|
|
(remo)o(v)o(ed.)p eop
|
|
15 16 bop 0 -58 a Fl(Chapter)15 b(4:)k(Bash)d(Sp)q(eci\014c)h(F)l
|
|
(eatures)1226 b(15)0 183 y Fh(4)41 b(Bash)15 b(Sp)r(eci\014c)f(F)-7
|
|
b(eatures)62 369 y Fl(This)16 b(section)g(describ)q(es)h(the)e
|
|
(features)g(unique)h(to)f(Bash.)0 593 y Fj(4.1)33 b(In)n(v)n(oking)17
|
|
b(Bash)62 730 y Fl(In)c(addition)h(to)e(the)h(single-c)o(haracter)g
|
|
(shell)h(command-line)g(options)f(\(see)f(Section)i(4.5)d([The)i(Set)f
|
|
(Builtin],)0 792 y(page)17 b(20\),)f(there)h(are)g(sev)o(eral)h(m)o
|
|
(ulti-c)o(haracter)f(options)g(that)g(y)o(ou)f(can)i(use.)26
|
|
b(These)17 b(options)g(m)o(ust)g(app)q(ear)0 854 y(on)e(the)g(command)g
|
|
(line)i(b)q(efore)f(the)f(single-c)o(haracter)h(options)f(to)g(b)q(e)h
|
|
(recognized.)0 1003 y Fk(-norc)120 b Fl(Don't)20 b(read)h(the)g(`)p
|
|
Fk(~/.bashrc)p Fl(')e(initialization)24 b(\014le)e(in)g(an)f(in)o
|
|
(teractiv)o(e)g(shell.)39 b(This)22 b(is)f(on)g(b)o(y)240
|
|
1066 y(default)16 b(if)f(the)h(shell)h(is)e(in)o(v)o(ok)o(ed)h(as)e
|
|
Fk(sh)p Fl(.)0 1140 y Fk(-rcfile)g Fg(\014lename)240
|
|
1203 y Fl(Execute)i(commands)f(from)f Fg(\014lename)19
|
|
b Fl(\(instead)c(of)g(`)p Fk(~/.bashrc)p Fl('\))e(in)j(an)f(in)o
|
|
(teractiv)o(e)h(shell.)0 1277 y Fk(-noprofile)240 1339
|
|
y Fl(Don't)k(load)h(the)h(system-wide)f(startup)g(\014le)h(`)p
|
|
Fk(/etc/profile)p Fl(')c(or)j(an)o(y)g(of)f(the)i(p)q(ersonal)f(ini-)
|
|
240 1402 y(tialization)g(\014les)g(`)p Fk(~/.bash_profile)p
|
|
Fl(',)d(`)p Fk(~/.bash_login)p Fl(',)g(or)h(`)p Fk(~/.profile)p
|
|
Fl(')f(when)i(bash)g(is)240 1464 y(in)o(v)o(ok)o(ed)15
|
|
b(as)g(a)g(login)h(shell.)0 1551 y Fk(-version)48 b Fl(Displa)o(y)16
|
|
b(the)f(v)o(ersion)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h(of)f(this)g(shell.)0
|
|
1637 y Fk(-login)96 b Fl(Mak)o(e)13 b(this)h(shell)h(act)e(as)g(if)h
|
|
(it)g(w)o(ere)g(directly)h(in)o(v)o(ok)o(ed)e(from)g(login.)20
|
|
b(This)15 b(is)f(equiv)m(alen)o(t)h(to)e(`)p Fk(exec)240
|
|
1700 y(-)i(bash)p Fl(')i(but)h(can)g(b)q(e)h(issued)g(from)f(another)f
|
|
(shell,)j(suc)o(h)f(as)e Fk(csh)p Fl(.)28 b(If)18 b(y)o(ou)g(w)o(an)o
|
|
(ted)g(to)f(replace)240 1762 y(y)o(our)e(curren)o(t)g(login)h(shell)h
|
|
(with)e(a)g(Bash)g(login)h(shell,)h(y)o(ou)e(w)o(ould)g(sa)o(y)g(`)p
|
|
Fk(exec)f(bash)h(-login)p Fl('.)0 1837 y Fk(-nobraceexpansion)240
|
|
1899 y Fl(Do)g(not)f(p)q(erform)h(curly)h(brace)g(expansion)g(\(see)f
|
|
(Section)h(2.2)e([Brace)h(Expansion],)g(page)g(7\).)0
|
|
1973 y Fk(-nolineediting)240 2036 y Fl(Do)c(not)g(use)h(the)f(GNU)h
|
|
(Readline)h(library)g(\(see)e(Chapter)g(7)g([Command)g(Line)i
|
|
(Editing],)g(page)e(37\))240 2098 y(to)k(read)g(in)o(teractiv)o(e)g
|
|
(command)g(lines.)0 2185 y Fk(-posix)96 b Fl(Change)14
|
|
b(the)g(b)q(eha)o(vior)g(of)f(Bash)h(where)g(the)g(default)g(op)q
|
|
(eration)g(di\013ers)g(from)f(the)h(P)o(osix)g(1003.2)240
|
|
2247 y(standard)19 b(to)g(matc)o(h)g(the)h(standard.)32
|
|
b(This)20 b(is)g(in)o(tended)h(to)e(mak)o(e)g(Bash)h(b)q(eha)o(v)o(e)g
|
|
(as)f(a)g(strict)240 2309 y(sup)q(erset)d(of)e(that)h(standard.)62
|
|
2458 y(There)20 b(are)f(sev)o(eral)g(single-c)o(haracter)h(options)g(y)
|
|
o(ou)f(can)g(giv)o(e)h(whic)o(h)g(are)f(not)f(a)o(v)m(ailable)j(with)f
|
|
(the)f Fk(set)0 2521 y Fl(builtin.)0 2670 y Fk(-c)c Fg(string)63
|
|
b Fl(Read)16 b(and)f(execute)h(commands)f(from)g Fg(string)k
|
|
Fl(after)14 b(pro)q(cessing)i(the)f(options,)g(then)h(exit.)p
|
|
eop
|
|
16 17 bop 0 -58 a Fl(16)1623 b(Bash)15 b(F)l(eatures)0
|
|
183 y Fk(-i)192 b Fl(F)l(orce)15 b(the)g(shell)i(to)e(run)g(in)o
|
|
(teractiv)o(ely)l(.)0 285 y Fk(-s)192 b Fl(If)11 b(this)h(\015ag)f(is)h
|
|
(presen)o(t,)f(or)g(if)h(no)f(argumen)o(ts)f(remain)i(after)f(option)g
|
|
(pro)q(cessing,)i(then)e(commands)240 347 y(are)16 b(read)g(from)f(the)
|
|
h(standard)g(input.)24 b(This)16 b(option)h(allo)o(ws)f(the)g(p)q
|
|
(ositional)i(parameters)d(to)g(b)q(e)240 410 y(set)g(when)h(in)o(v)o
|
|
(oking)f(an)h(in)o(teractiv)o(e)f(shell.)62 574 y(An)i
|
|
Fg(in)o(teractiv)o(e)j Fl(shell)e(is)f(one)g(whose)f(input)i(and)f
|
|
(output)f(are)g(b)q(oth)h(connected)h(to)e(terminals)h(\(as)f(deter-)0
|
|
636 y(mined)g(b)o(y)f Fk(isatty\(\))p Fl(\),)f(or)h(one)g(started)f
|
|
(with)i(the)f Fk(-i)g Fl(option.)0 927 y Fj(4.2)33 b(Bash)14
|
|
b(Startup)j(Files)62 1071 y Fl(When)f(and)f(ho)o(w)g(Bash)g(executes)h
|
|
(startup)e(\014les.)120 1203 y Fk(For)23 b(Login)h(shells)f(\(subject)f
|
|
(to)i(the)f(-noprofile)g(option\):)215 1303 y(On)h(logging)f(in:)287
|
|
1353 y(If)h(`/etc/profile')e(exists,)g(then)i(source)f(it.)287
|
|
1452 y(If)h(`~/.bash_profile')d(exists,)i(then)g(source)g(it,)359
|
|
1502 y(else)g(if)h(`~/.bash_login')d(exists,)i(then)h(source)f(it,)430
|
|
1552 y(else)h(if)f(`~/.profile')f(exists,)h(then)h(source)f(it.)215
|
|
1652 y(On)h(logging)f(out:)287 1701 y(If)h(`~/.bash_logout')d(exists,)i
|
|
(source)g(it.)120 1801 y(For)g(non-login)g(interactive)f(shells)h
|
|
(\(subject)g(to)h(the)f(-norc)g(and)h(-rcfile)f(options\):)215
|
|
1851 y(On)h(starting)f(up:)287 1901 y(If)h(`~/.bashrc')e(exists,)h
|
|
(then)g(source)g(it.)120 2000 y(For)g(non-interactive)f(shells:)215
|
|
2050 y(On)i(starting)f(up:)287 2100 y(If)h(the)f(environment)f
|
|
(variable)h(ENV)h(is)f(non-null,)g(expand)g(the)287 2150
|
|
y(variable)g(and)g(source)g(the)h(file)f(named)g(by)h(the)f(value.)47
|
|
b(If)24 b(Bash)f(is)287 2199 y(not)g(started)g(in)h(Posix)f(mode,)g(it)
|
|
h(looks)f(for)h(BASH_ENV)e(before)287 2249 y(ENV.)62
|
|
2394 y Fl(So,)15 b(t)o(ypically)l(,)h(y)o(our)f Fk(~/.bash_profile)e
|
|
Fl(con)o(tains)j(the)f(line)120 2526 y Fk(if)24 b([)f(-f)h(~/.bashrc)f
|
|
(];)g(then)g(source)g(~/.bashrc;)g(fi)0 2670 y Fl(after)14
|
|
b(\(or)h(b)q(efore\))g(an)o(y)g(login)h(sp)q(eci\014c)h
|
|
(initializations.)p eop
|
|
17 18 bop 0 -58 a Fl(Chapter)15 b(4:)k(Bash)d(Sp)q(eci\014c)h(F)l
|
|
(eatures)1226 b(17)62 183 y(If)16 b(Bash)g(is)g(in)o(v)o(ok)o(ed)g(as)f
|
|
Fk(sh)p Fl(,)g(it)g(tries)h(to)f(mimic)i(the)f(b)q(eha)o(vior)g(of)f
|
|
Fk(sh)g Fl(as)g(closely)i(as)e(p)q(ossible.)23 b(F)l(or)15
|
|
b(a)g(login)0 246 y(shell,)g(it)e(attempts)f(to)g(source)i(only)f(`)p
|
|
Fk(/etc/profile)p Fl(')e(and)i(`)p Fk(~/.profile)p Fl(',)e(in)j(that)e
|
|
(order.)19 b(The)13 b Fk(-noprofile)0 308 y Fl(option)h(ma)o(y)g(still)
|
|
h(b)q(e)g(used)g(to)f(disable)h(this)g(b)q(eha)o(vior.)20
|
|
b(A)14 b(shell)i(in)o(v)o(ok)o(ed)e(as)g Fk(sh)g Fl(do)q(es)g(not)g
|
|
(attempt)f(to)h(source)0 370 y(an)o(y)h(other)g(startup)f(\014les.)62
|
|
507 y(When)h(Bash)g(is)g(started)f(in)h Fg(POSIX)21 b
|
|
Fl(mo)q(de,)14 b(as)g(with)h(the)g Fk(-posix)f Fl(command)g(line)j
|
|
(option,)d(it)h(follo)o(ws)g(the)0 570 y(P)o(osix)j(1003.2)e(standard)h
|
|
(for)h(startup)f(\014les.)29 b(In)18 b(this)g(mo)q(de,)h(the)f
|
|
Fk(ENV)f Fl(v)m(ariable)i(is)g(expanded)g(and)f(that)f(\014le)0
|
|
632 y(sourced;)e(no)g(other)g(startup)g(\014les)h(are)f(read.)0
|
|
859 y Fj(4.3)33 b(Is)14 b(This)i(Shell)h(In)n(teractiv)n(e?)62
|
|
996 y Fl(Y)l(ou)c(ma)o(y)f(wish)h(to)f(determine)i(within)g(a)e
|
|
(startup)g(script)h(whether)g(Bash)g(is)g(running)h(in)o(teractiv)o
|
|
(ely)g(or)e(not.)0 1058 y(T)l(o)17 b(do)g(this,)h(examine)g(the)g(v)m
|
|
(ariable)g Fk($PS1)p Fl(;)g(it)f(is)h(unset)g(in)g(non-in)o(teractiv)o
|
|
(e)g(shells,)h(and)e(set)g(in)i(in)o(teractiv)o(e)0 1120
|
|
y(shells.)i(Th)o(us:)120 1245 y Fk(if)j([)f(-z)h("$PS1")f(];)h(then)120
|
|
1295 y(echo)f(This)h(shell)f(is)g(not)h(interactive)120
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|
1345 y(else)120 1395 y(echo)f(This)h(shell)f(is)g(interactive)120
|
|
1444 y(fi)62 1582 y Fl(Y)l(ou)16 b(can)f(ask)f(an)h(in)o(teractiv)o(e)h
|
|
(Bash)f(to)f(not)h(run)g(y)o(our)g(`)p Fk(~/.bashrc)p
|
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Fl(')e(\014le)j(with)g(the)f Fk(-norc)f Fl(\015ag.)20
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b(Y)l(ou)15 b(can)0 1644 y(c)o(hange)j(the)f(name)h(of)f(the)h(`)p
|
|
Fk(~/.bashrc)p Fl(')d(\014le)k(to)e(an)o(y)g(other)g(\014le)i(name)e
|
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(with)h Fk(-rcfile)c Fg(\014lename)s Fl(.)28 b(Y)l(ou)18
|
|
b(can)0 1706 y(ask)d(Bash)g(to)g(not)f(run)i(y)o(our)f(`)p
|
|
Fk(~/.bash_profile)p Fl(')d(\014le)k(with)g(the)f Fk(-noprofile)f
|
|
Fl(\015ag.)0 1933 y Fj(4.4)33 b(Bash)14 b(Builtin)k(Commands)62
|
|
2070 y Fl(This)e(section)g(describ)q(es)h(builtin)g(commands)e(whic)o
|
|
(h)h(are)f(unique)i(to)d(or)h(ha)o(v)o(e)g(b)q(een)h(extended)g(in)g
|
|
(Bash.)0 2220 y Fk(builtin)360 2283 y(builtin)23 b([)p
|
|
Fg(shell-builti)q(n)k Fk([)p Fg(args)r Fk(]])240 2358
|
|
y Fl(Run)20 b(a)f(shell)h(builtin.)34 b(This)20 b(is)g(useful)g(when)f
|
|
(y)o(ou)g(wish)h(to)e(rename)h(a)g(shell)i(builtin)g(to)e(b)q(e)g(a)240
|
|
2420 y(function,)d(but)f(need)h(the)f(functionalit)o(y)i(of)e(the)g
|
|
(builtin)i(within)g(the)e(function)h(itself.)0 2508 y
|
|
Fk(bind)360 2570 y(bind)23 b([-m)h Fg(k)o(eymap)q Fk(])g([-lvd])f([-q)g
|
|
Fg(name)s Fk(])360 2620 y(bind)g([-m)h Fg(k)o(eymap)q
|
|
Fk(])g(-f)f Fg(\014lename)360 2670 y Fk(bind)g([-m)h
|
|
Fg(k)o(eymap)q Fk(])g Fg(k)o(eyseq:function-name)p eop
|
|
18 19 bop 0 -58 a Fl(18)1623 b(Bash)15 b(F)l(eatures)240
|
|
183 y(Displa)o(y)k(curren)o(t)e(Readline)k(\(see)c(Chapter)h(7)g
|
|
([Command)f(Line)i(Editing],)g(page)f(37\))f(k)o(ey)h(and)240
|
|
246 y(function)24 b(bindings,)j(or)c(bind)h(a)f(k)o(ey)g(sequence)i(to)
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d(a)h(Readline)j(function)e(or)e(macro.)44 b(The)240
|
|
308 y(binding)25 b(syn)o(tax)d(accepted)i(is)g(iden)o(tical)h(to)d
|
|
(that)h(of)f(`)p Fk(.inputrc)p Fl(')f(\(see)i(Section)h(7.3)f([Read-)
|
|
240 370 y(line)f(Init)g(File],)h(page)d(40\),)h(but)g(eac)o(h)g
|
|
(binding)i(m)o(ust)d(b)q(e)i(passed)f(as)f(a)h(separate)f(argumen)o(t:)
|
|
240 432 y(`)p Fk("\\C-x\\C-r":re-read-init)o(-file)p
|
|
Fl(')o(.)d(Options,)e(if)f(supplied,)i(ha)o(v)o(e)e(the)g(follo)o(wing)
|
|
h(meanings:)240 518 y Fk(-m)g(keymap)33 b Fl(Use)14 b
|
|
Fg(k)o(eymap)h Fl(as)e(the)h(k)o(eymap)f(to)g(b)q(e)h(a\013ected)g(b)o
|
|
(y)f(the)h(subsequen)o(t)g(bindings.)22 b(Ac-)480 580
|
|
y(ceptable)14 b Fg(k)o(eymap)h Fl(names)e(are)g Fk(emacs)p
|
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Fl(,)g Fk(emacs-standard)p Fl(,)e Fk(emacs-meta)p Fl(,)h
|
|
Fk(emacs-)480 643 y(ctlx)p Fl(,)k Fk(vi)p Fl(,)h Fk(vi-move)p
|
|
Fl(,)f Fk(vi-command)p Fl(,)g(and)h Fk(vi-insert)p Fl(.)23
|
|
b Fk(vi)17 b Fl(is)g(equiv)m(alen)o(t)i(to)d Fk(vi-)480
|
|
705 y(command)p Fl(;)e Fk(emacs)g Fl(is)i(equiv)m(alen)o(t)h(to)d
|
|
Fk(emacs-standard)p Fl(.)240 791 y Fk(-l)192 b Fl(List)16
|
|
b(the)f(names)g(of)g(all)h(readline)h(functions)240 877
|
|
y Fk(-v)192 b Fl(List)16 b(curren)o(t)f(function)h(names)f(and)g
|
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(bindings)240 962 y Fk(-d)192 b Fl(Dump)13 b(function)h(names)f(and)h
|
|
(bindings)h(in)f(suc)o(h)f(a)g(w)o(a)o(y)f(that)h(they)g(can)g(b)q(e)h
|
|
(re-read)240 1036 y Fk(-f)h(filename)480 1099 y Fl(Read)h(k)o(ey)f
|
|
(bindings)i(from)d Fg(\014lename)240 1184 y Fk(-q)192
|
|
b Fl(Query)16 b(ab)q(out)f(whic)o(h)h(k)o(eys)f(in)o(v)o(ok)o(e)g(the)g
|
|
(named)h Fg(function)0 1270 y Fk(command)360 1332 y(command)23
|
|
b([-pVv])g Fg(command)j Fk([)p Fg(args)e Fk(...])240
|
|
1406 y Fl(Runs)18 b Fg(command)i Fl(with)d Fg(arg)k Fl(ignoring)d
|
|
(shell)h(functions.)28 b(If)18 b(y)o(ou)f(ha)o(v)o(e)g(a)g(shell)i
|
|
(function)f(called)240 1468 y Fk(ls)p Fl(,)f(and)h(y)o(ou)f(wish)h(to)f
|
|
(call)h(the)g(command)f Fk(ls)p Fl(,)g(y)o(ou)g(can)h(sa)o(y)e(`)p
|
|
Fk(command)e(ls)p Fl('.)26 b(The)18 b Fk(-p)f Fl(option)240
|
|
1530 y(means)g(to)g(use)g(a)g(default)h(v)m(alue)g(for)f
|
|
Fk($PATH)g Fl(that)f(is)i(guaran)o(teed)f(to)f(\014nd)i(all)g(of)f(the)
|
|
g(standard)240 1593 y(utilities.)240 1667 y(If)i(either)h(the)f
|
|
Fk(-V)g Fl(or)f Fk(-v)h Fl(option)g(is)h(supplied,)i(a)c(description)j
|
|
(of)d Fg(command)j Fl(is)f(prin)o(ted.)32 b(The)240 1729
|
|
y Fk(-v)19 b Fl(option)h(causes)f(a)g(single)i(w)o(ord)d(indicating)j
|
|
(the)f(command)f(or)g(\014le)h(name)f(used)h(to)f(in)o(v)o(ok)o(e)240
|
|
1791 y Fg(command)e Fl(to)d(b)q(e)i(prin)o(ted;)g(the)f
|
|
Fk(-V)g Fl(option)g(pro)q(duces)h(a)f(more)g(v)o(erb)q(ose)g
|
|
(description.)0 1877 y Fk(declare)360 1939 y(declare)23
|
|
b([-frxi])g([)p Fg(name)s Fk([=)p Fg(v)m(alue)s Fk(]])240
|
|
2013 y Fl(Declare)15 b(v)m(ariables)h(and/or)d(giv)o(e)i(them)f
|
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(attributes.)20 b(If)15 b(no)f Fg(name)s Fl(s)g(are)g(giv)o(en,)h(then)
|
|
f(displa)o(y)i(the)240 2075 y(v)m(alues)k(of)f(v)m(ariables)i(instead.)
|
|
33 b Fk(-f)19 b Fl(means)g(to)g(use)h(function)g(names)f(only)l(.)33
|
|
b Fk(-r)19 b Fl(sa)o(ys)g(to)f(mak)o(e)240 2137 y Fg(name)s
|
|
Fl(s)d(readonly)l(.)22 b Fk(-x)15 b Fl(sa)o(ys)g(to)g(mark)g
|
|
Fg(name)s Fl(s)g(for)g(exp)q(ort.)21 b Fk(-i)16 b Fl(sa)o(ys)f(that)f
|
|
(the)i(v)m(ariable)h(is)f(to)f(b)q(e)240 2199 y(treated)c(as)h(an)f(in)
|
|
o(teger;)i(arithmetic)f(ev)m(aluation)h(\(see)f(Section)h(4.7)d([Shell)
|
|
k(Arithmetic],)e(page)g(24\))240 2262 y(is)17 b(p)q(erformed)f(when)h
|
|
(the)g(v)m(ariable)g(is)g(assigned)g(a)f(v)m(alue.)24
|
|
b(Using)17 b Fk(+)f Fl(instead)h(of)f Fk(-)g Fl(turns)g(o\013)g(the)240
|
|
2324 y(attribute)h(instead.)24 b(When)17 b(used)h(in)f(a)f(function,)i
|
|
Fk(declare)e Fl(mak)o(es)g Fg(name)s Fl(s)g(lo)q(cal,)i(as)e(with)h
|
|
(the)240 2386 y Fk(local)d Fl(command.)0 2472 y Fk(enable)360
|
|
2534 y(enable)23 b([-n])g([-a])h([)p Fg(name)i Fk(...])240
|
|
2608 y Fl(Enable)19 b(and)f(disable)h(builtin)i(shell)e(commands.)28
|
|
b(This)19 b(allo)o(ws)f(y)o(ou)f(to)h(use)g(a)f(disk)i(command)240
|
|
2670 y(whic)o(h)d(has)f(the)g(same)f(name)h(as)g(a)f(shell)j(builtin.)
|
|
22 b(If)15 b Fk(-n)g Fl(is)g(used,)g(the)g Fg(name)s
|
|
Fl(s)g(b)q(ecome)h(disabled.)p eop
|
|
19 20 bop 0 -58 a Fl(Chapter)15 b(4:)k(Bash)d(Sp)q(eci\014c)h(F)l
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|
(eatures)1226 b(19)240 183 y(Otherwise)18 b Fg(name)s
|
|
Fl(s)f(are)g(enabled.)28 b(F)l(or)17 b(example,)h(to)f(use)h(the)f
|
|
Fk(test)g Fl(binary)h(found)g(via)g Fk($PATH)240 246
|
|
y Fl(instead)c(of)f(the)g(shell)i(builtin)g(v)o(ersion,)e(t)o(yp)q(e)h
|
|
(`)p Fk(enable)g(-n)h(test)p Fl('.)j(The)13 b Fk(-a)g
|
|
Fl(option)g(means)h(to)e(list)240 308 y(eac)o(h)j(builtin)j(with)d(an)g
|
|
(indication)j(of)c(whether)i(or)e(not)h(it)h(is)f(enabled.)0
|
|
396 y Fk(help)360 459 y(help)23 b([)p Fg(pattern)p Fk(])240
|
|
535 y Fl(Displa)o(y)13 b(helpful)i(information)e(ab)q(out)f(builtin)j
|
|
(commands.)k(If)13 b Fg(pattern)f Fl(is)i(sp)q(eci\014ed,)h
|
|
Fk(help)d Fl(giv)o(es)240 597 y(detailed)22 b(help)g(on)f(all)h
|
|
(commands)f(matc)o(hing)f Fg(pattern)p Fl(,)i(otherwise)f(a)f(list)i
|
|
(of)f(the)f(builtins)j(is)240 659 y(prin)o(ted.)0 748
|
|
y Fk(local)360 811 y(local)g Fg(name)s Fk([=)p Fg(v)m(alue)s
|
|
Fk(])240 886 y Fl(F)l(or)10 b(eac)o(h)g(argumen)o(t,)g(create)h(a)f(lo)
|
|
q(cal)h(v)m(ariable)h(called)g Fg(name)p Fl(,)f(and)f(giv)o(e)h(it)g
|
|
Fg(v)m(alue)p Fl(.)19 b Fk(local)10 b Fl(can)g(only)240
|
|
948 y(b)q(e)18 b(used)f(within)i(a)d(function;)j(it)e(mak)o(es)f(the)i
|
|
(v)m(ariable)g Fg(name)i Fl(ha)o(v)o(e)c(a)h(visible)i(scop)q(e)f
|
|
(restricted)240 1010 y(to)d(that)f(function)i(and)f(its)h(c)o(hildren.)
|
|
0 1099 y Fk(type)360 1162 y(type)23 b([-all])g([-type)g(|)h(-path])f([)
|
|
p Fg(name)k Fk(...])240 1237 y Fl(F)l(or)15 b(eac)o(h)g
|
|
Fg(name)p Fl(,)g(indicate)h(ho)o(w)f(it)h(w)o(ould)f(b)q(e)h(in)o
|
|
(terpreted)g(if)f(used)h(as)f(a)g(command)g(name.)240
|
|
1313 y(If)e(the)g Fk(-type)g Fl(\015ag)f(is)i(used,)f
|
|
Fk(type)g Fl(returns)g(a)f(single)j(w)o(ord)d(whic)o(h)i(is)f(one)g(of)
|
|
g(\\alias",)g(\\function",)240 1375 y(\\builtin",)i(\\\014le")f(or)g
|
|
(\\k)o(eyw)o(ord",)e(if)i Fg(name)i Fl(is)e(an)g(alias,)g(shell)h
|
|
(function,)g(shell)g(builtin,)h(disk)e(\014le,)240 1437
|
|
y(or)h(shell)h(reserv)o(ed)g(w)o(ord,)e(resp)q(ectiv)o(ely)l(.)240
|
|
1512 y(If)j(the)g Fk(-path)g Fl(\015ag)f(is)i(used,)g
|
|
Fk(type)e Fl(either)i(returns)f(the)g(name)g(of)g(the)g(disk)g(\014le)i
|
|
(that)d(w)o(ould)h(b)q(e)240 1575 y(executed,)f(or)e(nothing)i(if)g
|
|
Fk(-type)e Fl(w)o(ould)i(not)f(return)g(\\\014le".)240
|
|
1650 y(If)f(the)g Fk(-all)g Fl(\015ag)f(is)i(used,)f(returns)g(all)h
|
|
(of)f(the)g(places)g(that)g(con)o(tain)g(an)g(executable)h(named)f
|
|
Fg(\014le)p Fl(.)240 1712 y(This)i(includes)h(aliases)f(and)g
|
|
(functions,)f(if)h(and)f(only)h(if)g(the)f Fk(-path)f
|
|
Fl(\015ag)h(is)h(not)f(also)g(used.)240 1788 y Fk(Type)g
|
|
Fl(accepts)g Fk(-a)p Fl(,)f Fk(-t)p Fl(,)h(and)g Fk(-p)g
|
|
Fl(as)g(equiv)m(alen)o(t)i(to)d Fk(-all)p Fl(,)h Fk(-type)p
|
|
Fl(,)f(and)h Fk(-path)p Fl(,)f(resp)q(ectiv)o(ely)l(.)0
|
|
1876 y Fk(ulimit)360 1939 y(ulimit)23 b([-acdmstfpnuvSH])f([)p
|
|
Fg(limit)q Fk(])240 2015 y(Ulimit)15 b Fl(pro)o(vides)i(con)o(trol)f(o)
|
|
o(v)o(er)f(the)i(resources)f(a)o(v)m(ailable)i(to)d(pro)q(cesses)i
|
|
(started)e(b)o(y)h(the)h(shell,)240 2077 y(on)e(systems)g(that)f(allo)o
|
|
(w)i(suc)o(h)f(con)o(trol.)20 b(If)15 b(an)g(option)h(is)g(giv)o(en,)f
|
|
(it)g(is)h(in)o(terpreted)g(as)f(follo)o(ws:)240 2165
|
|
y Fk(-S)192 b Fl(c)o(hange)16 b(and)g(rep)q(ort)g(the)g(soft)f(limit)i
|
|
(asso)q(ciated)f(with)h(a)e(resource)h(\(the)g(default)g(if)480
|
|
2228 y(the)f Fk(-H)g Fl(option)h(is)f(not)g(giv)o(en\).)240
|
|
2316 y Fk(-H)192 b Fl(c)o(hange)15 b(and)h(rep)q(ort)f(the)g(hard)g
|
|
(limit)i(asso)q(ciated)e(with)h(a)e(resource.)240 2405
|
|
y Fk(-a)192 b Fl(all)16 b(curren)o(t)f(limits)i(are)e(rep)q(orted.)240
|
|
2493 y Fk(-c)192 b Fl(the)15 b(maxim)o(um)g(size)i(of)d(core)h(\014les)
|
|
i(created.)240 2582 y Fk(-d)192 b Fl(the)15 b(maxim)o(um)g(size)i(of)d
|
|
(a)h(pro)q(cess's)g(data)g(segmen)o(t.)240 2670 y Fk(-m)192
|
|
b Fl(the)15 b(maxim)o(um)g(residen)o(t)h(set)f(size.)p
|
|
eop
|
|
20 21 bop 0 -58 a Fl(20)1623 b(Bash)15 b(F)l(eatures)240
|
|
183 y Fk(-s)192 b Fl(the)15 b(maxim)o(um)g(stac)o(k)g(size.)240
|
|
268 y Fk(-t)192 b Fl(the)15 b(maxim)o(um)g(amoun)o(t)g(of)g(cpu)g(time)
|
|
h(in)g(seconds.)240 353 y Fk(-f)192 b Fl(the)15 b(maxim)o(um)g(size)i
|
|
(of)d(\014les)i(created)g(b)o(y)f(the)g(shell.)240 438
|
|
y Fk(-p)192 b Fl(the)15 b(pip)q(e)i(bu\013er)e(size.)240
|
|
523 y Fk(-n)192 b Fl(the)15 b(maxim)o(um)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h(of)f(op)q
|
|
(en)h(\014le)g(descriptors.)240 608 y Fk(-u)192 b Fl(the)15
|
|
b(maxim)o(um)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h(of)f(pro)q(cesses)g(a)o(v)m(ailable)i
|
|
(to)e(a)g(single)h(user.)240 693 y Fk(-v)192 b Fl(the)15
|
|
b(maxim)o(um)g(amoun)o(t)g(of)g(virtual)g(memory)g(a)o(v)m(ailable)i
|
|
(to)d(the)i(pro)q(cess.)240 778 y(If)i Fg(limit)i Fl(is)e(giv)o(en,)g
|
|
(it)g(is)g(the)f(new)h(v)m(alue)h(of)e(the)g(sp)q(eci\014ed)j
|
|
(resource.)27 b(Otherwise,)18 b(the)g(curren)o(t)240
|
|
841 y(v)m(alue)h(of)d(the)i(sp)q(eci\014ed)h(resource)f(is)f(prin)o
|
|
(ted.)27 b(If)18 b(no)f(option)h(is)g(giv)o(en,)f(then)h(`)p
|
|
Fk(-f)p Fl(')e(is)i(assumed.)240 903 y(V)l(alues)f(are)e(in)i(1024-b)o
|
|
(yte)d(incremen)o(ts,)i(except)h(for)e(`)p Fk(-t)p Fl(',)f(whic)o(h)j
|
|
(is)f(in)h(seconds,)e(`)p Fk(-p)p Fl(',)g(whic)o(h)h(is)240
|
|
965 y(in)g(units)g(of)f(512-b)o(yte)f(blo)q(c)o(ks,)i(and)f(`)p
|
|
Fk(-n)p Fl(')f(and)h(`)p Fk(-u)p Fl(',)f(whic)o(h)i(are)f(unscaled)i(v)
|
|
m(alues.)0 1185 y Fj(4.5)33 b(The)15 b(Set)g(Builtin)62
|
|
1322 y Fl(This)h(builtin)i(is)d(so)g(o)o(v)o(erloaded)g(that)g(it)g
|
|
(deserv)o(es)h(its)f(o)o(wn)g(section.)0 1470 y Fk(set)360
|
|
1531 y(set)23 b([-abefhkmnptuvxldCHP])e([-o)j Fg(option)p
|
|
Fk(])g([)p Fg(argumen)o(t)g Fk(...])240 1616 y(-a)192
|
|
b Fl(Mark)14 b(v)m(ariables)j(whic)o(h)f(are)f(mo)q(di\014ed)h(or)f
|
|
(created)g(for)g(exp)q(ort.)240 1701 y Fk(-b)192 b Fl(Cause)19
|
|
b(the)g(status)f(of)g(terminated)h(bac)o(kground)g(jobs)g(to)f(b)q(e)h
|
|
(rep)q(orted)g(immedi-)480 1764 y(ately)l(,)c(rather)g(than)g(b)q
|
|
(efore)g(prin)o(ting)h(the)g(next)f(primary)g(prompt.)240
|
|
1849 y Fk(-e)192 b Fl(Exit)15 b(immediately)i(if)f(a)f(command)g(exits)
|
|
g(with)h(a)f(non-zero)g(status.)240 1934 y Fk(-f)192
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b Fl(Disable)16 b(\014le)g(name)g(generation)f(\(globbing\).)240
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2019 y Fk(-h)192 b Fl(Lo)q(cate)19 b(and)h(remem)o(b)q(er)f(\(hash\))f
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(commands)h(as)g(functions)h(are)e(de\014ned,)k(rather)480
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2081 y(than)15 b(when)h(the)f(function)h(is)g(executed.)240
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2166 y Fk(-k)192 b Fl(All)16 b(k)o(eyw)o(ord)d(argumen)o(ts)h(are)g
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(placed)i(in)f(the)g(en)o(vironmen)o(t)f(for)g(a)g(command,)g(not)480
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2228 y(just)h(those)g(that)f(precede)j(the)e(command)g(name.)240
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2313 y Fk(-m)192 b Fl(Job)15 b(con)o(trol)g(is)h(enabled)h(\(see)e
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(Chapter)g(5)g([Job)g(Con)o(trol],)f(page)h(29\).)240
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2398 y Fk(-n)192 b Fl(Read)16 b(commands)f(but)g(do)g(not)g(execute)h
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(them.)240 2472 y Fk(-o)f Fg(option-name)480 2534 y Fl(Set)g(the)h
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(\015ag)e(corresp)q(onding)j(to)d Fg(option-name)s Fl(:)480
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2608 y Fk(allexport)720 2670 y Fl(same)h(as)g Fk(-a)p
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Fl(.)p eop
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21 22 bop 0 -58 a Fl(Chapter)15 b(4:)k(Bash)d(Sp)q(eci\014c)h(F)l
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(eatures)1226 b(21)480 183 y Fk(braceexpand)720 246 y
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Fl(the)16 b(shell)i(will)g(p)q(erform)e(brace)g(expansion)h(\(see)f
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(Section)h(2.2)e([Brace)720 308 y(Expansion],)g(page)g(7\).)480
|
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396 y Fk(emacs)120 b Fl(use)15 b(an)g(emacs-st)o(yle)h(line)g(editing)h
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(in)o(terface)e(\(see)g(Chapter)g(7)g([Com-)720 458 y(mand)g(Line)i
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(Editing],)e(page)g(37\).)480 547 y Fk(errexit)72 b Fl(same)15
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b(as)g Fk(-e)p Fl(.)480 622 y Fk(histexpand)720 685 y
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Fl(same)g(as)g Fk(-H)p Fl(.)480 760 y Fk(ignoreeof)720
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822 y Fl(the)g(shell)i(will)g(not)e(exit)g(up)q(on)h(reading)g(EOF.)480
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898 y Fk(interactive-comments)720 960 y Fl(allo)o(w)h(a)g(w)o(ord)g(b)q
|
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(eginning)i(with)f(a)e(`)p Fk(#)p Fl(')h(to)f(cause)i(that)e(w)o(ord)h
|
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(and)g(all)720 1022 y(remaining)11 b(c)o(haracters)f(on)g(that)f(line)j
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(to)e(b)q(e)h(ignored)f(in)h(an)g(in)o(teractiv)o(e)720
|
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1084 y(shell.)480 1173 y Fk(monitor)72 b Fl(same)15 b(as)g
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Fk(-m)p Fl(.)480 1248 y Fk(noclobber)720 1310 y Fl(same)g(as)g
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Fk(-C)p Fl(.)480 1399 y Fk(noexec)96 b Fl(same)15 b(as)g
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Fk(-n)p Fl(.)480 1487 y Fk(noglob)96 b Fl(same)15 b(as)g
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Fk(-f)p Fl(.)480 1576 y Fk(nohash)96 b Fl(same)15 b(as)g
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Fk(-d)p Fl(.)480 1664 y Fk(notify)96 b Fl(same)15 b(as)g
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Fk(-b)p Fl(.)480 1753 y Fk(nounset)72 b Fl(same)15 b(as)g
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Fk(-u)p Fl(.)480 1841 y Fk(physical)48 b Fl(same)15 b(as)g
|
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Fk(-P)p Fl(.)480 1930 y Fk(posix)120 b Fl(c)o(hange)11
|
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b(the)h(b)q(eha)o(vior)f(of)g(Bash)h(where)f(the)g(default)h(op)q
|
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(eration)g(di\013ers)720 1992 y(from)17 b(the)g(P)o(osix)g(1003.2)f
|
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(standard)h(to)f(matc)o(h)h(the)h(standard.)25 b(This)720
|
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2054 y(is)19 b(in)o(tended)g(to)f(mak)o(e)g(Bash)g(b)q(eha)o(v)o(e)g
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(as)g(a)g(strict)g(sup)q(erset)h(of)f(that)720 2116 y(standard.)480
|
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2192 y Fk(privileged)720 2254 y Fl(same)d(as)g Fk(-p)p
|
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Fl(.)480 2342 y Fk(verbose)72 b Fl(same)15 b(as)g Fk(-v)p
|
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Fl(.)480 2431 y Fk(vi)192 b Fl(use)16 b(a)e Fk(vi)p Fl(-st)o(yle)i
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(line)g(editing)h(in)o(terface.)480 2519 y Fk(xtrace)96
|
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b Fl(same)15 b(as)g Fk(-x)p Fl(.)240 2608 y Fk(-p)192
|
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b Fl(T)l(urn)14 b(on)g(privileged)j(mo)q(de.)j(In)14
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b(this)h(mo)q(de,)f(the)g Fk($ENV)g Fl(\014le)h(is)f(not)g(pro)q
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(cessed,)h(and)480 2670 y(shell)21 b(functions)g(are)f(not)f(inherited)
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j(from)d(the)h(en)o(vironmen)o(t.)34 b(This)20 b(is)g(enabled)p
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eop
|
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22 23 bop 0 -58 a Fl(22)1623 b(Bash)15 b(F)l(eatures)480
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183 y(automatically)g(on)f(startup)f(if)i(the)f(e\013ectiv)o(e)g(user)h
|
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(\(group\))e(id)i(is)g(not)e(equal)i(to)f(the)480 246
|
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y(real)j(user)g(\(group\))e(id.)25 b(T)l(urning)18 b(this)f(option)g
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(o\013)f(causes)g(the)h(e\013ectiv)o(e)g(user)g(and)480
|
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308 y(group)e(ids)h(to)e(b)q(e)i(set)f(to)g(the)g(real)h(user)f(and)g
|
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(group)g(ids.)240 396 y Fk(-t)192 b Fl(Exit)15 b(after)g(reading)h(and)
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f(executing)h(one)g(command.)240 485 y Fk(-u)192 b Fl(T)l(reat)15
|
|
b(unset)g(v)m(ariables)i(as)d(an)i(error)e(when)i(substituting.)240
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573 y Fk(-v)192 b Fl(Prin)o(t)15 b(shell)i(input)f(lines)h(as)e(they)g
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(are)g(read.)240 661 y Fk(-x)192 b Fl(Prin)o(t)15 b(commands)g(and)h
|
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(their)f(argumen)o(ts)g(as)f(they)i(are)f(executed.)240
|
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750 y Fk(-l)192 b Fl(Sa)o(v)o(e)15 b(and)g(restore)g(the)g(binding)i
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(of)e(the)g Fg(name)j Fl(in)e(a)f Fk(for)g Fl(command.)240
|
|
838 y Fk(-d)192 b Fl(Disable)18 b(the)f(hashing)h(of)f(commands)f(that)
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h(are)f(lo)q(ok)o(ed)i(up)f(for)g(execution.)26 b(Nor-)480
|
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900 y(mally)l(,)15 b(commands)g(are)f(remem)o(b)q(ered)h(in)h(a)e(hash)
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h(table,)f(and)h(once)g(found,)g(do)f(not)480 963 y(ha)o(v)o(e)h(to)f
|
|
(b)q(e)i(lo)q(ok)o(ed)g(up)g(again.)240 1051 y Fk(-C)192
|
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b Fl(Disallo)o(w)16 b(output)f(redirection)h(to)f(existing)h(\014les.)
|
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240 1140 y Fk(-H)192 b Fl(Enable)16 b(!)k(st)o(yle)15
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|
b(history)g(substitution.)21 b(This)16 b(\015ag)f(is)h(on)f(b)o(y)g
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(default.)240 1228 y Fk(-P)192 b Fl(If)14 b(set,)g(do)g(not)g(follo)o
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|
(w)g(sym)o(b)q(olic)h(links)h(when)f(p)q(erforming)f(commands)g(suc)o
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|
(h)h(as)e Fk(cd)480 1290 y Fl(whic)o(h)h(c)o(hange)f(the)g(curren)o(t)g
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(directory)l(.)20 b(The)13 b(ph)o(ysical)i(directory)e(is)h(used)g
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(instead.)240 1379 y Fk(--)192 b Fl(If)16 b(no)f(argumen)o(ts)f(follo)o
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(w)i(this)f(\015ag,)g(then)h(the)f(p)q(ositional)i(parameters)d(are)h
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(unset.)480 1441 y(Otherwise,)e(the)e(p)q(ositional)i(parameters)e(are)
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g(set)h(to)f(the)g Fg(argumen)o(ts)p Fl(,)g(ev)o(en)h(if)g(some)480
|
|
1503 y(of)j(them)g(b)q(egin)h(with)g(a)f Fk(-)p Fl(.)240
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|
1592 y Fk(-)216 b Fl(Signal)15 b(the)g(end)f(of)g(options,)g(cause)h
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(all)g(remaining)g Fg(argumen)o(ts)g Fl(to)f(b)q(e)h(assigned)g(to)480
|
|
1654 y(the)h(p)q(ositional)h(parameters.)22 b(The)16
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b Fk(-x)f Fl(and)i Fk(-v)e Fl(options)h(are)g(turned)g(o\013.)22
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b(If)16 b(there)480 1716 y(are)f(no)g(argumen)o(ts,)f(the)h(p)q
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(ositional)i(parameters)d(remain)i(unc)o(hanged.)240
|
|
1805 y(Using)21 b(`)p Fk(+)p Fl(')e(rather)g(than)h(`)p
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Fk(-)p Fl(')f(causes)h(these)h(\015ags)e(to)h(b)q(e)g(turned)h(o\013.)
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33 b(The)21 b(\015ags)e(can)h(also)g(b)q(e)240 1867 y(used)e(up)q(on)g
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(in)o(v)o(o)q(cation)g(of)f(the)g(shell.)28 b(The)17
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b(curren)o(t)h(set)f(of)g(\015ags)f(ma)o(y)h(b)q(e)h(found)g(in)g
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|
Fk($-)p Fl(.)26 b(The)240 1929 y(remaining)14 b(N)f Fg(argumen)o(ts)h
|
|
Fl(are)f(p)q(ositional)h(parameters)e(and)i(are)e(assigned,)i(in)g
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|
(order,)f(to)f Fk($1)p Fl(,)h Fk($2)p Fl(,)240 1991 y(..)19
|
|
b Fk($N)p Fl(.)h(If)15 b(no)h(argumen)o(ts)e(are)h(giv)o(en,)g(all)h
|
|
(shell)h(v)m(ariables)g(are)d(prin)o(ted.)0 2221 y Fj(4.6)33
|
|
b(Bash)14 b(V)-6 b(ariables)62 2359 y Fl(These)16 b(v)m(ariables)g(are)
|
|
f(set)g(or)g(used)h(b)o(y)f(bash,)g(but)g(other)g(shells)i(do)e(not)g
|
|
(normally)g(treat)g(them)g(sp)q(ecially)l(.)0 2496 y
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|
Fk(HISTCONTROL)0 2545 y(history_control)240 2608 y Fl(Set)i(to)g(a)g(v)
|
|
m(alue)h(of)f(`)p Fk(ignorespace)p Fl(',)e(it)j(means)f(don't)g(en)o
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|
(ter)g(lines)i(whic)o(h)f(b)q(egin)g(with)g(a)f(space)240
|
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2670 y(or)f(tab)f(in)o(to)h(the)h(history)f(list.)23
|
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b(Set)16 b(to)g(a)g(v)m(alue)h(of)f(`)p Fk(ignoredups)p
|
|
Fl(',)d(it)k(means)f(don't)f(en)o(ter)h(lines)p eop
|
|
23 24 bop 0 -58 a Fl(Chapter)15 b(4:)k(Bash)d(Sp)q(eci\014c)h(F)l
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(eatures)1226 b(23)240 183 y(whic)o(h)16 b(matc)o(h)f(the)g(last)g(en)o
|
|
(tered)g(line.)22 b(A)15 b(v)m(alue)h(of)f(`)p Fk(ignoreboth)p
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Fl(')e(com)o(bines)j(the)f(t)o(w)o(o)f(options.)240 246
|
|
y(Unset,)f(or)f(set)g(to)g(an)o(y)h(other)f(v)m(alue)i(than)e(those)h
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|
(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e,)f(means)h(to)f(sa)o(v)o(e)g(all)h(lines)i(on)d(the)h
|
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(history)240 308 y(list.)0 398 y Fk(HISTFILE)48 b Fl(The)15
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|
b(name)h(of)e(the)i(\014le)g(to)e(whic)o(h)j(the)e(command)g(history)g
|
|
(is)h(sa)o(v)o(ed.)0 488 y Fk(HISTSIZE)48 b Fl(If)15
|
|
b(set,)g(this)h(is)f(the)h(maxim)o(um)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)g
|
|
(commands)g(to)g(remem)o(b)q(er)g(in)h(the)f(history)l(.)0
|
|
564 y Fk(histchars)240 627 y Fl(Up)j(to)g(three)g(c)o(haracters)g(whic)
|
|
o(h)h(con)o(trol)e(history)h(expansion,)i(quic)o(k)f(substitution,)g
|
|
(and)f(tok-)240 689 y(enization)j(\(see)e(Section)i(6.1)e([History)g
|
|
(In)o(teraction],)h(page)f(33\).)33 b(The)20 b(\014rst)f(c)o(haracter)g
|
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(is)h(the)240 751 y Fg(history-expansion-c)o(har)p Fl(,)d(that)e(is,)i
|
|
(the)f(c)o(haracter)f(whic)o(h)i(signi\014es)g(the)g(start)d(of)i(a)g
|
|
(history)g(ex-)240 814 y(pansion,)23 b(normally)f(`)p
|
|
Fk(!)p Fl('.)37 b(The)21 b(second)h(c)o(haracter)e(is)i(the)f(c)o
|
|
(haracter)g(whic)o(h)h(signi\014es)h(`quic)o(k)240 876
|
|
y(substitution')d(when)h(seen)f(as)g(the)g(\014rst)g(c)o(haracter)f(on)
|
|
h(a)g(line,)i(normally)f(`)p Fk(^)p Fl('.)33 b(The)20
|
|
b(optional)240 938 y(third)15 b(c)o(haracter)f(is)h(the)f(c)o(haracter)
|
|
g(whic)o(h)h(signi\014es)h(the)f(remainder)g(of)f(the)h(line)h(is)f(a)f
|
|
(commen)o(t,)240 1000 y(when)f(found)f(as)g(the)g(\014rst)g(c)o
|
|
(haracter)f(of)h(a)g(w)o(ord,)f(usually)j(`)p Fk(#)p
|
|
Fl('.)k(The)12 b(history)g(commen)o(t)g(c)o(haracter)240
|
|
1063 y(causes)k(history)g(substitution)g(to)f(b)q(e)h(skipp)q(ed)i(for)
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|
d(the)h(remaining)h(w)o(ords)d(on)i(the)g(line.)23 b(It)16
|
|
b(do)q(es)240 1125 y(not)f(necessarily)h(cause)g(the)f(shell)i(parser)e
|
|
(to)f(treat)h(the)g(rest)g(of)f(the)i(line)h(as)d(a)h(commen)o(t.)0
|
|
1215 y Fk(HISTCMD)72 b Fl(The)16 b(history)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er,)f(or)h
|
|
(index)h(in)f(the)g(history)g(list,)g(of)f(the)h(curren)o(t)g(command.)
|
|
21 b(If)16 b Fk(HISTCMD)240 1277 y Fl(is)g(unset,)f(it)g(loses)h(its)f
|
|
(sp)q(ecial)i(prop)q(erties,)f(ev)o(en)f(if)h(it)f(is)h(subsequen)o
|
|
(tly)h(reset.)0 1354 y Fk(hostname_completion_file)0
|
|
1416 y(HOSTFILE)48 b Fl(Con)o(tains)17 b(the)h(name)g(of)f(a)h(\014le)h
|
|
(in)f(the)g(same)f(format)g(as)g(`)p Fk(/etc/hosts)p
|
|
Fl(')f(that)h(should)i(b)q(e)f(read)240 1478 y(when)g(the)g(shell)i
|
|
(needs)f(to)e(complete)i(a)e(hostname.)28 b(Y)l(ou)18
|
|
b(can)g(c)o(hange)g(the)g(\014le)h(in)o(teractiv)o(ely;)240
|
|
1540 y(the)c(next)h(time)g(y)o(ou)f(attempt)f(to)h(complete)h(a)f
|
|
(hostname,)g(Bash)g(will)i(add)f(the)f(con)o(ten)o(ts)g(of)g(the)240
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|
1603 y(new)g(\014le)i(to)d(the)i(already)f(existing)h(database.)0
|
|
1679 y Fk(MAILCHECK)240 1741 y Fl(Ho)o(w)k(often)g(\(in)h(seconds\))f
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(that)g(the)g(shell)i(should)f(c)o(hec)o(k)g(for)f(mail)h(in)g(the)f
|
|
(\014les)i(sp)q(eci\014ed)g(in)240 1803 y Fk(MAILPATH)p
|
|
Fl(.)0 1880 y Fk(PROMPT_COMMAND)240 1942 y Fl(If)15 b(presen)o(t,)g
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(this)g(con)o(tains)g(a)g(string)g(whic)o(h)h(is)f(a)g(command)f(to)h
|
|
(execute)g(b)q(efore)h(the)f(prin)o(ting)g(of)240 2004
|
|
y(eac)o(h)g(primary)h(prompt)e(\()p Fk($PS1)p Fl(\).)0
|
|
2094 y Fk(UID)168 b Fl(The)15 b(n)o(umeric)i(real)e(user)g(id)h(of)f
|
|
(the)g(curren)o(t)h(user.)0 2185 y Fk(EUID)144 b Fl(The)15
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|
b(n)o(umeric)i(e\013ectiv)o(e)e(user)g(id)h(of)f(the)g(curren)o(t)h
|
|
(user.)0 2275 y Fk(HOSTTYPE)48 b Fl(A)15 b(string)g(describing)i(the)f
|
|
(mac)o(hine)g(Bash)f(is)h(running)g(on.)0 2365 y Fk(OSTYPE)96
|
|
b Fl(A)15 b(string)g(describing)i(the)f(op)q(erating)f(system)g(Bash)g
|
|
(is)h(running)g(on.)0 2455 y Fk(FIGNORE)72 b Fl(A)14
|
|
b(colon-separated)h(list)g(of)f(su\016xes)g(to)g(ignore)g(when)h(p)q
|
|
(erforming)g(\014lename)g(completion)h(A)e(\014le)240
|
|
2518 y(name)j(whose)h(su\016x)f(matc)o(hes)g(one)g(of)g(the)h(en)o
|
|
(tries)f(in)i Fk(FIGNORE)d Fl(is)i(excluded)h(from)e(the)g(list)h(of)
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|
240 2580 y(matc)o(hed)d(\014le)h(names.)k(A)15 b(sample)h(v)m(alue)h
|
|
(is)e(`)p Fk(.o:~)p Fl(')0 2670 y Fk(INPUTRC)72 b Fl(The)15
|
|
b(name)h(of)e(the)i(Readline)h(startup)e(\014le,)h(o)o(v)o(erriding)f
|
|
(the)g(default)h(of)f(`)p Fk(~/.inputrc)p Fl('.)p eop
|
|
24 25 bop 0 -58 a Fl(24)1623 b(Bash)15 b(F)l(eatures)0
|
|
183 y Fk(BASH_VERSION)240 246 y Fl(The)g(v)o(ersion)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f
|
|
(of)g(the)g(curren)o(t)h(instance)g(of)e(Bash.)0 318
|
|
y Fk(IGNOREEOF)240 380 y Fl(Con)o(trols)g(the)h(action)f(of)g(the)h
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(shell)h(on)f(receipt)g(of)g(an)f Fk(EOF)g Fl(c)o(haracter)g(as)g(the)h
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|
(sole)g(input.)21 b(If)15 b(set,)240 443 y(then)j(the)g(v)m(alue)h(of)f
|
|
(it)g(is)g(the)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h(of)e(consecutiv)o(e)i
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Fk(EOF)f Fl(c)o(haracters)f(that)g(can)h(b)q(e)g(read)g(as)240
|
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505 y(the)d(\014rst)f(c)o(haracters)f(on)i(an)f(input)h(line)i(b)q
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(efore)d(the)h(shell)h(will)g(exit.)k(If)15 b(the)f(v)m(ariable)i
|
|
(exists)f(but)240 567 y(do)q(es)h(not)f(ha)o(v)o(e)g(a)g(n)o(umeric)h
|
|
(v)m(alue)h(\(or)d(has)h(no)h(v)m(alue\))g(then)f(the)h(default)g(is)g
|
|
(10.)k(If)15 b(the)h(v)m(ariable)240 629 y(do)q(es)e(not)g(exist,)g
|
|
(then)g Fk(EOF)f Fl(signi\014es)j(the)e(end)g(of)g(input)h(to)e(the)h
|
|
(shell.)21 b(This)14 b(is)h(only)f(in)h(e\013ect)f(for)240
|
|
692 y(in)o(teractiv)o(e)i(shells.)0 764 y Fk(no_exit_on_failed_exec)240
|
|
826 y Fl(If)e(this)h(v)m(ariable)g(exists,)g(the)f(shell)h(will)h(not)e
|
|
(exit)g(in)h(the)g(case)f(that)f(it)h(couldn't)h(execute)g(the)f
|
|
(\014le)240 889 y(sp)q(eci\014ed)j(in)f(the)g Fk(exec)e
|
|
Fl(command.)0 972 y Fk(nolinks)72 b Fl(If)20 b(presen)o(t,)g(sa)o(ys)e
|
|
(not)h(to)g(follo)o(w)g(sym)o(b)q(olic)i(links)f(when)g(doing)g
|
|
(commands)f(that)g(c)o(hange)g(the)240 1034 y(curren)o(t)i(w)o(orking)h
|
|
(directory)l(.)39 b(By)22 b(default,)h(bash)f(follo)o(ws)f(the)h
|
|
(logical)h(c)o(hain)f(of)f(directories)240 1096 y(when)16
|
|
b(p)q(erforming)f(commands)g(suc)o(h)h(as)f Fk(cd)f Fl(whic)o(h)j(c)o
|
|
(hange)e(the)g(curren)o(t)g(directory)l(.)240 1169 y(F)l(or)g(example,)
|
|
g(if)h(`)p Fk(/usr/sys)p Fl(')d(is)j(a)f(link)h(to)f(`)p
|
|
Fk(/usr/local/sys)p Fl(')d(then:)360 1229 y Fk($)24 b(cd)f(/usr/sys;)g
|
|
(echo)g($PWD)360 1278 y(/usr/sys)360 1328 y($)h(cd)f(..;)h(pwd)360
|
|
1378 y(/usr)240 1451 y Fl(If)15 b Fk(nolinks)g Fl(exists,)g(then:)360
|
|
1511 y Fk($)24 b(cd)f(/usr/sys;)g(echo)g($PWD)360 1561
|
|
y(/usr/local/sys)360 1610 y($)h(cd)f(..;)h(pwd)360 1660
|
|
y(/usr/local)240 1733 y Fl(See)12 b(also)e(the)i(description)g(of)e
|
|
(the)i Fk(-P)e Fl(option)h(to)g(the)g Fk(set)f Fl(builtin,)k(Section)e
|
|
(4.5)e([The)g(Set)h(Builtin],)240 1795 y(page)k(20.)0
|
|
2010 y Fj(4.7)33 b(Shell)16 b(Arithmetic)0 2209 y Ff(4.7.1)30
|
|
b(Arithmetic)16 b(Ev)m(aluation)62 2346 y Fl(The)f(shell)g(allo)o(ws)f
|
|
(arithmetic)h(expressions)g(to)e(b)q(e)i(ev)m(aluated,)g(as)e(one)h(of)
|
|
g(the)g(shell)i(expansions)e(or)g(b)o(y)g(the)0 2408
|
|
y Fk(let)h Fl(builtin.)62 2545 y(Ev)m(aluation)i(is)g(done)f(in)h(long)
|
|
f(in)o(tegers)g(with)g(no)g(c)o(hec)o(k)g(for)g(o)o(v)o(er\015o)o(w,)e
|
|
(though)i(division)i(b)o(y)e(0)f(is)i(trapp)q(ed)0 2608
|
|
y(and)g(\015agged)f(as)g(an)h(error.)23 b(The)17 b(follo)o(wing)g(list)
|
|
h(of)e(op)q(erators)g(is)h(group)q(ed)g(in)o(to)f(lev)o(els)i(of)e
|
|
(equal-precedence)0 2670 y(op)q(erators.)j(The)c(lev)o(els)i(are)e
|
|
(listed)h(in)g(order)f(of)g(decreasing)h(precedence.)p
|
|
eop
|
|
25 26 bop 0 -58 a Fl(Chapter)15 b(4:)k(Bash)d(Sp)q(eci\014c)h(F)l
|
|
(eatures)1226 b(25)0 183 y Fk(-)15 b(+)177 b Fl(unary)15
|
|
b(min)o(us)h(and)f(plus)0 271 y Fk(!)g(~)177 b Fl(logical)16
|
|
b(and)g(bit)o(wise)g(negation)0 359 y Fk(*)f(/)g(\045)138
|
|
b Fl(m)o(ultiplication,)17 b(division,)g(remainder)0
|
|
447 y Fk(+)e(-)177 b Fl(addition,)16 b(subtraction)0
|
|
535 y Fk(<<)f(>>)129 b Fl(left)16 b(and)f(righ)o(t)g(bit)o(wise)h
|
|
(shifts)0 622 y Fk(<=)f(>=)g(<)g(>)51 b Fl(comparison)0
|
|
710 y Fk(==)15 b(!=)129 b Fl(equalit)o(y)16 b(and)f(inequalit)o(y)0
|
|
798 y Fk(&)216 b Fl(bit)o(wise)16 b(AND)0 886 y Fk(^)216
|
|
b Fl(bit)o(wise)16 b(exclusiv)o(e)h(OR)0 974 y Fk(|)216
|
|
b Fl(bit)o(wise)16 b(OR)0 1062 y Fk(&&)192 b Fl(logical)16
|
|
b(AND)0 1149 y Fk(||)192 b Fl(logical)16 b(OR)0 1225
|
|
y Fk(=)f(*=)g(/=)g(\045=)g(+=)g(-=)f(<<=)h(>>=)g(&=)g(^=)g(|=)240
|
|
1287 y Fl(assignmen)o(t)62 1437 y(Shell)h(v)m(ariables)e(are)f(allo)o
|
|
(w)o(ed)h(as)f(op)q(erands;)h(parameter)e(expansion)j(is)e(p)q
|
|
(erformed)h(b)q(efore)g(the)f(expression)0 1499 y(is)k(ev)m(aluated.)26
|
|
b(The)17 b(v)m(alue)i(of)d(a)h(parameter)f(is)h(co)q(erced)h(to)e(a)h
|
|
(long)g(in)o(teger)g(within)h(an)f(expression.)25 b(A)17
|
|
b(shell)0 1561 y(v)m(ariable)g(need)f(not)e(ha)o(v)o(e)h(its)h(in)o
|
|
(teger)f(attribute)g(turned)h(on)f(to)f(b)q(e)i(used)g(in)g(an)f
|
|
(expression.)62 1699 y(Constan)o(ts)21 b(with)i(a)f(leading)i(0)e(are)g
|
|
(in)o(terpreted)h(as)f(o)q(ctal)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers.)41
|
|
b(A)23 b(leading)h Fk(0x)e Fl(or)g Fk(0X)g Fl(denotes)0
|
|
1761 y(hexadecimal.)e(Otherwise,)14 b(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers)e(tak)o(e)f(the)
|
|
i(form)e([)p Fg(base#)r Fl(]n,)g(where)i Fg(base)h Fl(is)f(a)f(decimal)
|
|
h(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)0 1823 y(2)h(and)g(36)g(represen)o
|
|
(ting)g(the)h(arithmetic)f(base,)g(and)h Fg(n)f Fl(is)h(a)e(n)o(um)o(b)
|
|
q(er)i(in)g(that)e(base.)20 b(If)14 b Fg(base)j Fl(is)e(omitted,)f
|
|
(then)0 1886 y(base)h(10)g(is)h(used.)62 2023 y(Op)q(erators)i(are)f
|
|
(ev)m(aluated)i(in)g(order)e(of)h(precedence.)29 b(Sub-expressions)20
|
|
b(in)e(paren)o(theses)g(are)g(ev)m(aluated)0 2085 y(\014rst)d(and)g(ma)
|
|
o(y)g(o)o(v)o(erride)g(the)g(precedence)i(rules)f(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e.)0
|
|
2296 y Ff(4.7.2)30 b(Arithmetic)16 b(Expansion)62 2433
|
|
y Fl(Arithmetic)h(expansion)f(allo)o(ws)g(the)f(ev)m(aluation)i(of)e
|
|
(an)g(arithmetic)i(expression)f(and)g(the)f(substitution)h(of)0
|
|
2495 y(the)f(result.)21 b(There)15 b(are)g(t)o(w)o(o)f(formats)g(for)g
|
|
(arithmetic)i(expansion:)120 2620 y Fk($[)24 b(expression)e(])120
|
|
2670 y($\(\()h(expression)g(\)\))p eop
|
|
26 27 bop 0 -58 a Fl(26)1623 b(Bash)15 b(F)l(eatures)62
|
|
183 y(The)e(expression)h(is)f(treated)f(as)g(if)h(it)g(w)o(ere)g
|
|
(within)h(double)g(quotes,)e(but)h(a)f(double)i(quote)f(inside)h(the)f
|
|
(braces)0 246 y(or)i(paren)o(theses)g(is)h(not)f(treated)g(sp)q
|
|
(ecially)l(.)22 b(All)17 b(tok)o(ens)e(in)h(the)f(expression)h(undergo)
|
|
g(parameter)e(expansion,)0 308 y(command)h(substitution,)h(and)f(quote)
|
|
g(remo)o(v)m(al.)20 b(Arithmetic)c(substitutions)g(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)h
|
|
(nested.)62 446 y(The)k(ev)m(aluation)g(is)g(p)q(erformed)f(according)h
|
|
(to)f(the)g(rules)h(listed)h(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e.)31 b(If)20
|
|
b(the)f(expression)h(is)g(in)o(v)m(alid,)0 508 y(Bash)15
|
|
b(prin)o(ts)h(a)f(message)f(indicating)j(failure)g(and)e(no)g
|
|
(substitution)h(o)q(ccurs.)0 724 y Ff(4.7.3)30 b(Arithmetic)16
|
|
b(Builtins)0 875 y Fk(let)360 938 y(let)23 b Fg(expression)i
|
|
Fk([)p Fg(expression)p Fk(])240 1014 y Fl(The)16 b Fk(let)f
|
|
Fl(builtin)i(allo)o(ws)f(arithmetic)g(to)f(b)q(e)h(p)q(erformed)g(on)f
|
|
(shell)i(v)m(ariables.)22 b(Eac)o(h)15 b Fg(expression)240
|
|
1076 y Fl(is)e(ev)m(aluated)h(according)g(to)e(the)h(rules)g(giv)o(en)h
|
|
(previously)g(\(see)f(Section)g(4.7.1)f([Arithmetic)h(Ev)m(al-)240
|
|
1138 y(uation],)18 b(page)f(24\).)27 b(If)18 b(the)g(last)f
|
|
Fg(expression)i Fl(ev)m(aluates)f(to)f(0,)h Fk(let)f
|
|
Fl(returns)h(1;)g(otherwise)g(0)f(is)240 1201 y(returned.)0
|
|
1433 y Fj(4.8)33 b(Con)n(trolling)17 b(the)e(Prompt)62
|
|
1571 y Fl(The)j(v)m(alue)g(of)e(the)h(v)m(ariable)i Fk($PROMPT_COMMAND)
|
|
c Fl(is)i(examined)h(just)f(b)q(efore)g(Bash)h(prin)o(ts)f(eac)o(h)g
|
|
(primary)0 1633 y(prompt.)32 b(If)19 b(it)h(is)f(set)g(and)h(non-n)o
|
|
(ull,)h(then)f(the)f(v)m(alue)i(is)f(executed)g(just)f(as)g(if)g(y)o
|
|
(ou)g(had)h(t)o(yp)q(ed)f(it)h(on)f(the)0 1696 y(command)c(line.)62
|
|
1833 y(In)20 b(addition,)g(the)f(follo)o(wing)h(table)f(describ)q(es)h
|
|
(the)f(sp)q(ecial)i(c)o(haracters)d(whic)o(h)i(can)f(app)q(ear)g(in)g
|
|
(the)g Fk(PS1)0 1896 y Fl(v)m(ariable:)0 2047 y Fk(\\t)192
|
|
b Fl(the)15 b(time,)g(in)h(HH:MM:SS)f(format.)0 2136
|
|
y Fk(\\d)192 b Fl(the)15 b(date,)g(in)h Fk(")p Fl(W)l(eekda)o(y)f(Mon)o
|
|
(th)f(Date)p Fk(")h Fl(format)f(\(e.g.)19 b Fk(")p Fl(T)l(ue)c(Ma)o(y)g
|
|
(26)p Fk(")p Fl(\).)0 2225 y Fk(\\n)192 b Fl(newline.)0
|
|
2314 y Fk(\\s)g Fl(the)15 b(name)g(of)g(the)h(shell,)g(the)f(basename)h
|
|
(of)e Fk($0)h Fl(\(the)g(p)q(ortion)h(follo)o(wing)g(the)f(\014nal)h
|
|
(slash\).)0 2403 y Fk(\\w)192 b Fl(the)15 b(curren)o(t)g(w)o(orking)g
|
|
(directory)l(.)0 2492 y Fk(\\W)192 b Fl(the)15 b(basename)h(of)e
|
|
Fk($PWD)p Fl(.)0 2581 y Fk(\\u)192 b Fl(y)o(our)15 b(username.)0
|
|
2670 y Fk(\\h)192 b Fl(the)15 b(hostname.)p eop
|
|
27 28 bop 0 -58 a Fl(Chapter)15 b(4:)k(Bash)d(Sp)q(eci\014c)h(F)l
|
|
(eatures)1226 b(27)0 183 y Fk(\\#)192 b Fl(the)15 b(command)g(n)o(um)o
|
|
(b)q(er)h(of)f(this)g(command.)0 270 y Fk(\\!)192 b Fl(the)15
|
|
b(history)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h(of)f(this)g(command.)0
|
|
358 y Fk(\\nnn)144 b Fl(the)15 b(c)o(haracter)g(corresp)q(onding)h(to)e
|
|
(the)i(o)q(ctal)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h Fk(nnn)p Fl(.)0 445
|
|
y Fk(\\$)192 b Fl(if)16 b(the)f(e\013ectiv)o(e)g(uid)i(is)e(0,)g
|
|
Fk(#)p Fl(,)g(otherwise)g Fk($)p Fl(.)0 532 y Fk(\\\\)192
|
|
b Fl(a)15 b(bac)o(kslash.)0 619 y Fk(\\[)192 b Fl(b)q(egin)18
|
|
b(a)e(sequence)i(of)e(non-prin)o(ting)h(c)o(haracters.)23
|
|
b(This)17 b(could)h(b)q(e)f(used)g(to)f(em)o(b)q(ed)h(a)f(terminal)240
|
|
681 y(con)o(trol)f(sequence)h(in)o(to)f(the)h(prompt.)0
|
|
769 y Fk(\\])192 b Fl(end)16 b(a)f(sequence)h(of)f(non-prin)o(ting)h(c)
|
|
o(haracters.)p eop
|
|
28 29 bop 0 -58 a Fl(28)1623 b(Bash)15 b(F)l(eatures)p
|
|
eop
|
|
29 30 bop 0 -58 a Fl(Chapter)15 b(5:)k(Job)d(Con)o(trol)1435
|
|
b(29)0 183 y Fh(5)41 b(Job)15 b(Con)n(trol)62 391 y Fl(This)i(c)o
|
|
(hapter)e(disusses)i(what)e(job)h(con)o(trol)g(is,)g(ho)o(w)f(it)h(w)o
|
|
(orks,)f(and)h(ho)o(w)f(Bash)h(allo)o(ws)g(y)o(ou)g(to)f(access)h(its)0
|
|
453 y(facilities.)0 715 y Fj(5.1)33 b(Job)14 b(Con)n(trol)i(Basics)62
|
|
856 y Fl(Job)21 b(con)o(trol)e(refers)h(to)g(the)g(abilit)o(y)h(to)e
|
|
(selectiv)o(ely)j(stop)e(\(susp)q(end\))h(the)f(execution)h(of)e(pro)q
|
|
(cesses)i(and)0 918 y(con)o(tin)o(ue)f(\(resume\))e(their)h(execution)i
|
|
(at)d(a)g(later)h(p)q(oin)o(t.)32 b(A)19 b(user)g(t)o(ypically)h(emplo)
|
|
o(ys)f(this)h(facilit)o(y)g(via)f(an)0 980 y(in)o(teractiv)o(e)d(in)o
|
|
(terface)f(supplied)j(join)o(tly)d(b)o(y)g(the)h(system's)e(terminal)i
|
|
(driv)o(er)g(and)f(Bash.)62 1122 y(The)22 b(shell)h(asso)q(ciates)e(a)h
|
|
Fg(job)g Fl(with)g(eac)o(h)f(pip)q(elin)q(e.)41 b(It)22
|
|
b(k)o(eeps)g(a)f(table)h(of)f(curren)o(tly)h(executing)h(jobs,)0
|
|
1184 y(whic)o(h)e(ma)o(y)e(b)q(e)i(listed)g(with)g(the)f
|
|
Fk(jobs)f Fl(command.)34 b(When)21 b(Bash)f(starts)e(a)i(job)g(async)o
|
|
(hronously)g(\(in)h(the)0 1246 y(bac)o(kground\),)14
|
|
b(it)i(prin)o(ts)f(a)g(line)i(that)d(lo)q(oks)i(lik)o(e:)120
|
|
1375 y Fk([1])23 b(25647)62 1516 y Fl(indicating)14 b(that)d(this)h
|
|
(job)g(is)g(job)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)i(1)e(and)h(that)f(the)h(pro)q(cess)g
|
|
(ID)g(of)f(the)h(last)f(pro)q(cess)h(in)h(the)f(pip)q(eline)0
|
|
1578 y(asso)q(ciated)j(with)f(this)h(job)f(is)h(25647.)k(All)c(of)f
|
|
(the)h(pro)q(cesses)g(in)g(a)f(single)i(pip)q(eline)h(are)d(mem)o(b)q
|
|
(ers)h(of)f(the)g(same)0 1641 y(job.)20 b(Bash)15 b(uses)g(the)h
|
|
Fg(job)g Fl(abstraction)e(as)h(the)h(basis)f(for)g(job)g(con)o(trol.)62
|
|
1782 y(T)l(o)i(facilitate)g(the)g(implemen)o(tation)h(of)e(the)h(user)f
|
|
(in)o(terface)h(to)f(job)h(con)o(trol,)f(the)h(system)f(main)o(tains)h
|
|
(the)0 1844 y(notion)i(of)g(a)g(curren)o(t)g(terminal)h(pro)q(cess)f
|
|
(group)g(ID.)g(Mem)o(b)q(ers)g(of)g(this)h(pro)q(cess)f(group)g(\(pro)q
|
|
(cesses)g(whose)0 1906 y(pro)q(cess)g(group)g(ID)g(is)g(equal)g(to)g
|
|
(the)g(curren)o(t)f(terminal)i(pro)q(cess)f(group)g(ID\))f(receiv)o(e)i
|
|
(k)o(eyb)q(oard-generated)0 1968 y(signals)14 b(suc)o(h)f(as)f
|
|
Fk(SIGINT)p Fl(.)18 b(These)13 b(pro)q(cesses)g(are)g(said)g(to)f(b)q
|
|
(e)i(in)f(the)g(foreground.)19 b(Bac)o(kground)12 b(pro)q(cesses)h(are)
|
|
0 2031 y(those)i(whose)f(pro)q(cess)i(group)e(ID)h(di\013ers)h(from)e
|
|
(the)h(terminal's;)g(suc)o(h)g(pro)q(cesses)g(are)g(imm)o(une)h(to)e(k)
|
|
o(eyb)q(oard-)0 2093 y(generated)19 b(signals.)30 b(Only)20
|
|
b(foreground)e(pro)q(cesses)h(are)f(allo)o(w)o(ed)h(to)f(read)h(from)e
|
|
(or)h(write)h(to)f(the)h(terminal.)0 2155 y(Bac)o(kground)i(pro)q
|
|
(cesses)h(whic)o(h)h(attempt)e(to)g(read)g(from)g(\(write)g(to\))g(the)
|
|
h(terminal)g(are)f(sen)o(t)h(a)f Fk(SIGTTIN)0 2218 y
|
|
Fl(\()p Fk(SIGTTOU)p Fl(\))14 b(signal)i(b)o(y)f(the)g(terminal)h(driv)
|
|
o(er,)f(whic)o(h,)h(unless)g(caugh)o(t,)f(susp)q(ends)h(the)f(pro)q
|
|
(cess.)62 2359 y(If)h(the)g(op)q(erating)g(system)f(on)g(whic)o(h)i
|
|
(Bash)e(is)h(running)h(supp)q(orts)f(job)f(con)o(trol,)g(Bash)h(allo)o
|
|
(ws)f(y)o(ou)h(to)f(use)0 2421 y(it.)20 b(T)o(yping)15
|
|
b(the)g Fg(susp)q(end)j Fl(c)o(haracter)c(\(t)o(ypically)i(`)p
|
|
Fk(^Z)p Fl(',)e(Con)o(trol-Z\))f(while)k(a)d(pro)q(cess)h(is)h(running)
|
|
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|
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|
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(\015agged)g(with)0 881 y(a)f(`)p Fk(+)p Fl(',)f(and)h(the)g(previous)h
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|
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|
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|
(ou.)0 1665 y(Y)l(ou)d(ma)o(y)f(then)h(use)g(the)g Fk(jobs)f
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Fl(command)g(to)g(insp)q(ect)i(their)f(status.)24 b(If)17
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|
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|
1727 y(immediately)l(,)g(y)o(ou)e(are)f(not)h(w)o(arned)g(again,)g(and)
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|
g(the)h(stopp)q(ed)f(jobs)g(are)g(terminated.)0 1950
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Fk(bg)360 2162 y(bg)24 b([)p Fg(jobsp)q(ec)s Fk(])240
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|
2236 y Fl(Place)16 b Fg(jobsp)q(ec)i Fl(in)o(to)d(the)g(bac)o(kground,)
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
2521 y Fl(Bring)f Fg(jobsp)q(ec)j Fl(in)o(to)c(the)h(foreground)f(and)g
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|
(mak)o(e)g(it)h(the)f(curren)o(t)h(job.)41 b(If)23 b
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|
Fg(jobsp)q(ec)i Fl(is)e(not)240 2583 y(supplied,)17 b(the)e(curren)o(t)
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|
h(job)f(is)g(used.)0 2670 y Fk(jobs)p eop
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|
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|
b(31)360 183 y Fk(jobs)23 b([-lpn])g([)p Fg(jobsp)q(ec)s
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|
Fk(])360 233 y(jobs)g(-x)h Fg(command)h Fk([)p Fg(jobsp)q(ec)s
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|
Fk(])240 308 y Fl(The)16 b(\014rst)g(form)f(lists)i(the)f(activ)o(e)g
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|
(jobs.)22 b(The)16 b Fk(-l)g Fl(option)g(lists)g(pro)q(cess)h(IDs)f(in)
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|
g(addition)i(to)d(the)240 370 y(normal)h(information;)f(the)h
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|
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|
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|
495 y Fg(jobsp)q(ec)g Fl(is)d(giv)o(en,)h(output)e(is)h(restricted)g
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|
b Fg(jobsp)q(ec)j Fl(is)d(not)240 557 y(supplied,)g(the)e(status)g(of)g
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|
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|
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|
Fg(argumen)o(ts)240 694 y Fl(with)f(the)h(corresp)q(onding)g(pro)q
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|
(cess)f(group)g(ID,)g(and)g(executes)h Fg(command)p Fl(,)f(passing)h
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|
(it)f Fg(argumen)o(t)q Fl(s,)240 756 y(returning)16 b(its)f(exit)h
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(status.)0 843 y Fk(suspend)360 906 y(suspend)23 b([-f])240
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|
980 y Fl(Susp)q(end)c(the)e(execution)i(of)e(this)g(shell)i(un)o(til)g
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|
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|
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|
(the)h(shell)g(is)g(a)f(login)h(shell.)62 1192 y(When)g(job)f(con)o
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|
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1416 y Fj(5.3)33 b(Job)14 b(Con)n(trol)i(V)-6 b(ariables)0
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1553 y Fk(auto_resume)240 1615 y Fl(This)20 b(v)m(ariable)h(con)o
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|
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|
h(job)f(con)o(trol.)33 b(If)20 b(this)240 1678 y(v)m(ariable)k(exists)e
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|
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|
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|
h(existing)h(job.)32 b(There)19 b(is)h(no)f(am)o(biguit)o(y)g(allo)o(w)
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|
o(ed;)i(if)e(y)o(ou)240 1802 y(ha)o(v)o(e)c(more)f(than)h(one)h(job)e
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|
(b)q(eginning)k(with)d(the)g(string)g(that)g(y)o(ou)f(ha)o(v)o(e)h(t)o
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|
(yp)q(ed,)g(then)h(the)f(most)240 1864 y(recen)o(tly)j(accessed)g(job)f
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|
(will)i(b)q(e)e(selected.)28 b(The)17 b(name)g(of)g(a)g(stopp)q(ed)h
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|
(job,)f(in)h(this)g(con)o(text,)e(is)240 1927 y(the)f(command)g(line)h
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|
(used)g(to)e(start)g(it.)20 b(If)15 b(this)g(v)m(ariable)i(is)e(set)g
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|
(to)f(the)h(v)m(alue)h Fk(exact)p Fl(,)e(the)h(string)240
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|
1989 y(supplied)h(m)o(ust)c(matc)o(h)h(the)g(name)g(of)g(a)g(stopp)q
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|
(ed)h(job)f(exactly;)h(if)f(set)g(to)g Fk(substring)p
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|
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|
f(substring)i(of)f(the)g(name)g(of)g(a)g(stopp)q(ed)g(job.)32
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|
b(The)19 b Fk(substring)240 2114 y Fl(v)m(alue)g(pro)o(vides)g
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|
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|
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|
2176 y(Basics],)f(page)g(29\).)25 b(If)17 b(set)g(to)f(an)o(y)h(other)f
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|
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|
(of)e(a)240 2238 y(stopp)q(ed)g(job's)e(name;)h(this)h(pro)o(vides)f
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|
(functionalit)o(y)i(analogous)e(to)f(the)i Fk(\045)f
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|
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|
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|
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|
2387 y(`)p Fk(set)14 b(+b)p Fl(')h(\(see)g(Section)h(4.5)e([The)h(Set)h
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|
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|
32 33 bop 0 -58 a Fl(32)1623 b(Bash)15 b(F)l(eatures)p
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|
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|
33 34 bop 0 -58 a Fl(Chapter)15 b(6:)k(Using)d(History)f(In)o(teractiv)
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|
o(ely)1135 b(33)0 183 y Fh(6)41 b(Using)14 b(History)h(In)n(teractiv)n
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|
(ely)62 355 y Fl(This)i(c)o(hapter)e(describ)q(es)j(ho)o(w)d(to)h(use)g
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|
(the)g(GNU)g(History)f(Library)i(in)o(teractiv)o(ely)l(,)g(from)e(a)g
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|
(user's)h(stand-)0 417 y(p)q(oin)o(t.)23 b(It)16 b(should)h(b)q(e)f
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|
(considered)i(a)d(user's)h(guide.)23 b(F)l(or)15 b(information)h(on)g
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|
(using)h(the)f(GNU)g(History)f(Library)0 479 y(in)h(y)o(our)f(o)o(wn)f
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|
(programs,)g(see)i(the)f(GNU)g(Readline)i(Library)f(Man)o(ual.)0
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|
688 y Fj(6.1)33 b(History)15 b(In)n(teraction)62 825
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|
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|
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|
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|
(manipulate)i(the)f(history)0 949 y(information.)62 1086
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|
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|
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|
(the)g(previous)0 1148 y(history)h(should)h(b)q(e)f(used)h(during)f
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|
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|
(of)g(that)f(line)i(for)f(inclusion)0 1211 y(in)o(to)f(the)h(curren)o
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
Fg(n)p Fl(.)0 2173 y Fk(!-n)168 b Fl(Refer)16 b(to)e(the)i(command)f
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
|
183 y Ff(6.1.2)30 b(W)-5 b(ord)15 b(Designators)62 320
|
|
y Fl(A)i Fk(:)g Fl(separates)f(the)h(ev)o(en)o(t)f(sp)q(eci\014cation)j
|
|
(from)d(the)g(w)o(ord)g(designator.)25 b(It)17 b(can)g(b)q(e)g(omitted)
|
|
g(if)g(the)g(w)o(ord)0 382 y(designator)d(b)q(egins)h(with)f(a)f
|
|
Fk(^)p Fl(,)h Fk($)p Fl(,)f Fk(*)h Fl(or)f Fk(\045)p
|
|
Fl(.)20 b(W)l(ords)13 b(are)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(ered)g(from)f(the)h(b)q
|
|
(eginning)i(of)d(the)h(line,)i(with)e(the)0 445 y(\014rst)h(w)o(ord)f
|
|
(b)q(eing)j(denoted)f(b)o(y)f(a)g(0)f(\(zero\).)0 593
|
|
y Fk(0)h(\(zero\))57 b Fl(The)15 b Fk(0)p Fl(th)g(w)o(ord.)20
|
|
b(F)l(or)14 b(man)o(y)h(applications,)h(this)g(is)g(the)f(command)g(w)o
|
|
(ord.)0 679 y Fk(n)216 b Fl(The)15 b Fg(n)p Fl(th)h(w)o(ord.)0
|
|
765 y Fk(^)216 b Fl(The)15 b(\014rst)g(argumen)o(t;)f(that)h(is,)g(w)o
|
|
(ord)g(1.)0 851 y Fk($)216 b Fl(The)15 b(last)h(argumen)o(t.)0
|
|
937 y Fk(\045)216 b Fl(The)15 b(w)o(ord)g(matc)o(hed)g(b)o(y)g(the)g
|
|
(most)g(recen)o(t)g Fk(?string?)f Fl(searc)o(h.)0 1022
|
|
y Fk(x-y)168 b Fl(A)15 b(range)g(of)g(w)o(ords;)f Fk(-)p
|
|
Fg(y)19 b Fl(abbreviates)c Fk(0-)p Fg(y)t Fl(.)0 1108
|
|
y Fk(*)216 b Fl(All)17 b(of)f(the)g(w)o(ords,)f(except)i(the)f
|
|
Fk(0)p Fl(th.)22 b(This)17 b(is)f(a)g(synon)o(ym)g(for)f
|
|
Fk(1-$)p Fl(.)22 b(It)17 b(is)f(not)g(an)g(error)f(to)h(use)240
|
|
1170 y Fk(*)f Fl(if)h(there)f(is)h(just)f(one)g(w)o(ord)f(in)i(the)g
|
|
(ev)o(en)o(t;)e(the)i(empt)o(y)e(string)i(is)f(returned)h(in)g(that)e
|
|
(case.)0 1256 y Fk(x*)192 b Fl(Abbreviates)16 b Fk(x-$)0
|
|
1342 y(x-)192 b Fl(Abbreviates)16 b Fk(x-$)f Fl(lik)o(e)h
|
|
Fk(x*)p Fl(,)e(but)i(omits)f(the)g(last)g(w)o(ord.)0
|
|
1547 y Ff(6.1.3)30 b(Mo)r(di\014ers)62 1684 y Fl(After)20
|
|
b(the)f(optional)i(w)o(ord)e(designator,)h(y)o(ou)f(can)h(add)g(a)g
|
|
(sequence)h(of)e(one)h(or)f(more)g(of)g(the)h(follo)o(wing)0
|
|
1746 y(mo)q(di\014ers,)c(eac)o(h)f(preceded)i(b)o(y)e(a)g
|
|
Fk(:)p Fl(.)0 1895 y Fk(h)216 b Fl(Remo)o(v)o(e)15 b(a)g(trailing)h
|
|
(pathname)f(comp)q(onen)o(t,)g(lea)o(ving)h(only)g(the)f(head.)0
|
|
1980 y Fk(r)216 b Fl(Remo)o(v)o(e)15 b(a)g(trailing)h(su\016x)f(of)g
|
|
(the)g(form)g(`)p Fk(.)p Fl(')p Fg(su\016x)p Fl(,)f(lea)o(ving)i(the)f
|
|
(basename.)0 2066 y Fk(e)216 b Fl(Remo)o(v)o(e)15 b(all)h(but)g(the)f
|
|
(trailing)h(su\016x.)0 2152 y Fk(t)216 b Fl(Remo)o(v)o(e)15
|
|
b(all)h(leading)h(pathname)e(comp)q(onen)o(ts,)g(lea)o(ving)h(the)f
|
|
(tail.)0 2238 y Fk(p)216 b Fl(Prin)o(t)15 b(the)g(new)h(command)f(but)g
|
|
(do)g(not)g(execute)h(it.)0 2323 y Fk(q)216 b Fl(Quote)15
|
|
b(the)h(substituted)g(w)o(ords,)e(escaping)i(further)f(substitutions.)0
|
|
2409 y Fk(x)216 b Fl(Quote)22 b(the)f(substituted)h(w)o(ords)f(as)g
|
|
(with)h Fk(q)p Fl(,)h(but)e(break)h(in)o(to)f(w)o(ords)g(at)g(spaces,)i
|
|
(tabs,)f(and)240 2471 y(newlines.)0 2545 y Fk(s/old/new/)240
|
|
2608 y Fl(Substitute)16 b Fg(new)k Fl(for)15 b(the)h(\014rst)f(o)q
|
|
(ccurrence)h(of)g Fg(old)h Fl(in)g(the)e(ev)o(en)o(t)h(line.)22
|
|
b(An)o(y)16 b(delimiter)h(ma)o(y)e(b)q(e)240 2670 y(used)e(in)f(place)h
|
|
(of)f Fk(/)p Fl(.)19 b(The)12 b(delimiter)i(ma)o(y)d(b)q(e)i(quoted)f
|
|
(in)h Fg(old)h Fl(and)e Fg(new)17 b Fl(with)12 b(a)g(single)h(bac)o
|
|
(kslash.)p eop
|
|
35 36 bop 0 -58 a Fl(Chapter)15 b(6:)k(Using)d(History)f(In)o(teractiv)
|
|
o(ely)1135 b(35)240 183 y(If)13 b Fk(&)h Fl(app)q(ears)f(in)h
|
|
Fg(new)p Fl(,)f(it)h(is)g(replaced)g(b)o(y)f Fg(old)p
|
|
Fl(.)20 b(A)13 b(single)i(bac)o(kslash)e(will)i(quote)e(the)h
|
|
Fk(&)p Fl(.)19 b(The)13 b(\014nal)240 246 y(delimiter)k(is)f(optional)g
|
|
(if)f(it)h(is)f(the)h(last)f(c)o(haracter)f(on)h(the)h(input)g(line.)0
|
|
333 y Fk(&)216 b Fl(Rep)q(eat)16 b(the)f(previous)h(substitution.)0
|
|
420 y Fk(g)216 b Fl(Cause)15 b(c)o(hanges)g(to)f(b)q(e)i(applied)h(o)o
|
|
(v)o(er)d(the)h(en)o(tire)g(ev)o(en)o(t)g(line.)21 b(Used)16
|
|
b(in)g(conjunction)g(with)f Fk(s)p Fl(,)f(as)240 482
|
|
y(in)i Fk(gs/old/new/)p Fl(,)d(or)i(with)h Fk(&)p Fl(.)p
|
|
eop
|
|
36 37 bop 0 -58 a Fl(36)1623 b(Bash)15 b(F)l(eatures)p
|
|
eop
|
|
37 38 bop 0 -58 a Fl(Chapter)15 b(7:)k(Command)c(Line)i(Editing)1205
|
|
b(37)0 183 y Fh(7)41 b(Command)16 b(Line)f(Editing)62
|
|
408 y Fl(This)h(c)o(hapter)f(describ)q(es)i(the)e(basic)h(features)f
|
|
(of)g(the)g(GNU)g(command)g(line)i(editing)f(in)o(terface.)0
|
|
701 y Fj(7.1)33 b(In)n(tro)r(duction)17 b(to)e(Line)h(Editing)62
|
|
845 y Fl(The)g(follo)o(wing)g(paragraphs)e(describ)q(e)j(the)e
|
|
(notation)g(used)h(to)e(represen)o(t)i(k)o(eystrok)o(es.)62
|
|
990 y(The)f(text)e Fk(C-K)h Fl(is)g(read)g(as)g(`Con)o(trol-K')f(and)h
|
|
(describ)q(es)i(the)e(c)o(haracter)f(pro)q(duced)i(when)g(the)f(Con)o
|
|
(trol)f(k)o(ey)0 1052 y(is)j(depressed)g(and)f(the)h
|
|
Fk(K)f Fl(k)o(ey)g(is)g(struc)o(k.)62 1197 y(The)i(text)f
|
|
Fk(M-K)g Fl(is)i(read)e(as)g(`Meta-K')g(and)h(describ)q(es)h(the)f(c)o
|
|
(haracter)f(pro)q(duced)h(when)h(the)e(meta)g(k)o(ey)h(\(if)0
|
|
1259 y(y)o(ou)g(ha)o(v)o(e)f(one\))h(is)g(depressed,)h(and)f(the)g
|
|
Fk(K)g Fl(k)o(ey)g(is)g(struc)o(k.)25 b(If)17 b(y)o(ou)f(do)h(not)g(ha)
|
|
o(v)o(e)f(a)h(meta)f(k)o(ey)l(,)h(the)g(iden)o(tical)0
|
|
1321 y(k)o(eystrok)o(e)i(can)g(b)q(e)i(generated)e(b)o(y)h(t)o(yping)f
|
|
Fk(ESC)h Fg(\014rst)p Fl(,)g(and)f(then)h(t)o(yping)g
|
|
Fk(K)p Fl(.)33 b(Either)20 b(pro)q(cess)g(is)g(kno)o(wn)f(as)0
|
|
1383 y Fg(metafying)g Fl(the)c Fk(K)g Fl(k)o(ey)l(.)62
|
|
1528 y(The)h(text)e Fk(M-C-K)g Fl(is)i(read)f(as)f(`Meta-Con)o(trol-k')
|
|
g(and)h(describ)q(es)h(the)g(c)o(haracter)e(pro)q(duced)i(b)o(y)f
|
|
Fg(metafying)0 1590 y Fk(C-K)p Fl(.)62 1735 y(In)i(addition,)h(sev)o
|
|
(eral)e(k)o(eys)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(their)h(o)o(wn)f(names.)23
|
|
b(Sp)q(eci\014cally)m(,)c Fk(DEL)p Fl(,)d Fk(ESC)p Fl(,)f
|
|
Fk(LFD)p Fl(,)h Fk(SPC)p Fl(,)g Fk(RET)p Fl(,)g(and)g
|
|
Fk(TAB)0 1797 y Fl(all)e(stand)f(for)f(themselv)o(es)i(when)f(seen)h
|
|
(in)g(this)f(text,)g(or)g(in)g(an)g(init)i(\014le)f(\(see)f(Section)h
|
|
(7.3)e([Readline)j(Init)f(File],)0 1859 y(page)h(40,)f(for)h(more)g
|
|
(info\).)0 2152 y Fj(7.2)33 b(Readline)16 b(In)n(teraction)62
|
|
2296 y Fl(Often)g(during)h(an)f(in)o(teractiv)o(e)g(session)h(y)o(ou)e
|
|
(t)o(yp)q(e)h(in)h(a)f(long)g(line)h(of)f(text,)f(only)h(to)g(notice)g
|
|
(that)f(the)h(\014rst)0 2359 y(w)o(ord)d(on)i(the)f(line)i(is)e(missp)q
|
|
(elled.)23 b(The)14 b(Readline)i(library)f(giv)o(es)g(y)o(ou)e(a)h(set)
|
|
g(of)g(commands)g(for)f(manipulating)0 2421 y(the)18
|
|
b(text)g(as)g(y)o(ou)g(t)o(yp)q(e)g(it)h(in,)g(allo)o(wing)g(y)o(ou)f
|
|
(to)g(just)g(\014x)g(y)o(our)g(t)o(yp)q(o,)g(and)h(not)f(forcing)g(y)o
|
|
(ou)g(to)g(ret)o(yp)q(e)g(the)0 2483 y(ma)s(jorit)o(y)d(of)h(the)g
|
|
(line.)25 b(Using)17 b(these)g(editing)h(commands,)e(y)o(ou)g(mo)o(v)o
|
|
(e)f(the)i(cursor)f(to)g(the)g(place)h(that)f(needs)0
|
|
2545 y(correction,)g(and)h(delete)g(or)f(insert)g(the)h(text)e(of)h
|
|
(the)g(corrections.)23 b(Then,)17 b(when)g(y)o(ou)f(are)g(satis\014ed)g
|
|
(with)h(the)0 2608 y(line,)h(y)o(ou)e(simply)i(press)f
|
|
Fk(RETURN)p Fl(.)23 b(Y)l(ou)17 b(do)f(not)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(to)g(b)q(e)i
|
|
(at)e(the)g(end)h(of)f(the)h(line)h(to)e(press)h Fk(RETURN)p
|
|
Fl(;)f(the)0 2670 y(en)o(tire)g(line)h(is)e(accepted)h(regardless)f(of)
|
|
g(the)g(lo)q(cation)h(of)f(the)h(cursor)e(within)j(the)e(line.)p
|
|
eop
|
|
38 39 bop 0 -58 a Fl(38)1623 b(Bash)15 b(F)l(eatures)0
|
|
183 y Ff(7.2.1)30 b(Readline)15 b(Bare)g(Essen)n(tials)62
|
|
320 y Fl(In)f(order)f(to)f(en)o(ter)h(c)o(haracters)g(in)o(to)g(the)g
|
|
(line,)i(simply)f(t)o(yp)q(e)f(them.)19 b(The)14 b(t)o(yp)q(ed)f(c)o
|
|
(haracter)f(app)q(ears)i(where)0 383 y(the)h(cursor)h(w)o(as,)e(and)h
|
|
(then)h(the)g(cursor)f(mo)o(v)o(es)f(one)i(space)g(to)e(the)i(righ)o
|
|
(t.)k(If)c(y)o(ou)f(mist)o(yp)q(e)h(a)f(c)o(haracter,)f(y)o(ou)0
|
|
445 y(can)h(use)h(y)o(our)f(erase)g(c)o(haracter)f(to)h(bac)o(k)g(up)g
|
|
(and)h(delete)g(the)f(mist)o(yp)q(ed)h(c)o(haracter.)62
|
|
582 y(Sometimes)f(y)o(ou)e(ma)o(y)h(miss)g(t)o(yping)g(a)g(c)o
|
|
(haracter)g(that)f(y)o(ou)h(w)o(an)o(ted)f(to)g(t)o(yp)q(e,)h(and)h
|
|
(not)e(notice)i(y)o(our)f(error)0 644 y(un)o(til)k(y)o(ou)e(ha)o(v)o(e)
|
|
g(t)o(yp)q(ed)h(sev)o(eral)g(other)f(c)o(haracters.)23
|
|
b(In)18 b(that)d(case,)i(y)o(ou)f(can)h(t)o(yp)q(e)g
|
|
Fk(C-B)f Fl(to)g(mo)o(v)o(e)g(the)g(cursor)0 706 y(to)f(the)h(left,)g
|
|
(and)g(then)g(correct)f(y)o(our)h(mistak)o(e.)21 b(Afterw)o(ards,)14
|
|
b(y)o(ou)i(can)g(mo)o(v)o(e)f(the)h(cursor)f(to)g(the)h(righ)o(t)g
|
|
(with)0 769 y Fk(C-F)p Fl(.)62 906 y(When)i(y)o(ou)f(add)g(text)g(in)h
|
|
(the)f(middle)i(of)e(a)g(line,)i(y)o(ou)e(will)i(notice)e(that)g(c)o
|
|
(haracters)f(to)h(the)g(righ)o(t)g(of)g(the)0 968 y(cursor)h(are)h
|
|
(`pushed)g(o)o(v)o(er')e(to)h(mak)o(e)g(ro)q(om)g(for)g(the)h(text)f
|
|
(that)g(y)o(ou)g(ha)o(v)o(e)h(inserted.)31 b(Lik)o(ewise,)20
|
|
b(when)f(y)o(ou)0 1030 y(delete)f(text)f(b)q(ehind)i(the)f(cursor,)f(c)
|
|
o(haracters)f(to)h(the)g(righ)o(t)g(of)g(the)h(cursor)f(are)g(`pulled)i
|
|
(bac)o(k')d(to)h(\014ll)i(in)f(the)0 1092 y(blank)g(space)f(created)g
|
|
(b)o(y)g(the)h(remo)o(v)m(al)f(of)f(the)i(text.)25 b(A)17
|
|
b(list)h(of)e(the)h(basic)h(bare)f(essen)o(tials)h(for)e(editing)j(the)
|
|
0 1155 y(text)c(of)f(an)i(input)g(line)h(follo)o(ws.)0
|
|
1304 y Fk(C-B)168 b Fl(Mo)o(v)o(e)14 b(bac)o(k)h(one)h(c)o(haracter.)0
|
|
1391 y Fk(C-F)168 b Fl(Mo)o(v)o(e)14 b(forw)o(ard)g(one)h(c)o
|
|
(haracter.)0 1478 y Fk(DEL)168 b Fl(Delete)16 b(the)f(c)o(haracter)g
|
|
(to)f(the)h(left)h(of)f(the)g(cursor.)0 1566 y Fk(C-D)168
|
|
b Fl(Delete)16 b(the)f(c)o(haracter)g(underneath)h(the)f(cursor.)0
|
|
1640 y(Prin)o(ting)h(c)o(haracters)240 1703 y(Insert)f(the)h(c)o
|
|
(haracter)e(in)o(to)h(the)h(line)h(at)d(the)h(cursor.)0
|
|
1790 y Fk(C-_)168 b Fl(Undo)15 b(the)h(last)f(thing)h(that)e(y)o(ou)h
|
|
(did.)21 b(Y)l(ou)15 b(can)h(undo)f(all)h(the)g(w)o(a)o(y)e(bac)o(k)h
|
|
(to)f(an)i(empt)o(y)e(line.)0 1997 y Ff(7.2.2)30 b(Readline)15
|
|
b(Mo)n(v)n(emen)n(t)h(Commands)62 2134 y Fl(The)c(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)g
|
|
(table)g(describ)q(es)i(the)e(most)f(basic)h(p)q(ossible)i(k)o(eystrok)
|
|
o(es)d(that)g(y)o(ou)g(need)i(in)g(order)f(to)f(do)h(editing)0
|
|
2197 y(of)g(the)h(input)h(line.)21 b(F)l(or)12 b(y)o(our)g(con)o(v)o
|
|
(enience,)i(man)o(y)f(other)f(commands)h(ha)o(v)o(e)f(b)q(een)i(added)f
|
|
(in)h(addition)g(to)e Fk(C-B)p Fl(,)0 2259 y Fk(C-F)p
|
|
Fl(,)i Fk(C-D)p Fl(,)h(and)g Fk(DEL)p Fl(.)20 b(Here)15
|
|
b(are)g(some)g(commands)g(for)f(mo)o(ving)h(more)g(rapidly)i(ab)q(out)e
|
|
(the)g(line.)0 2408 y Fk(C-A)168 b Fl(Mo)o(v)o(e)14 b(to)h(the)g(start)
|
|
f(of)h(the)g(line.)0 2496 y Fk(C-E)168 b Fl(Mo)o(v)o(e)14
|
|
b(to)h(the)g(end)h(of)f(the)g(line.)0 2583 y Fk(M-F)168
|
|
b Fl(Mo)o(v)o(e)14 b(forw)o(ard)g(a)h(w)o(ord.)0 2670
|
|
y Fk(M-B)168 b Fl(Mo)o(v)o(e)14 b(bac)o(kw)o(ard)h(a)g(w)o(ord.)p
|
|
eop
|
|
39 40 bop 0 -58 a Fl(Chapter)15 b(7:)k(Command)c(Line)i(Editing)1205
|
|
b(39)0 183 y Fk(C-L)168 b Fl(Clear)15 b(the)h(screen,)f(reprin)o(ting)h
|
|
(the)f(curren)o(t)g(line)i(at)e(the)g(top.)62 350 y(Notice)22
|
|
b(ho)o(w)e Fk(C-F)h Fl(mo)o(v)o(es)f(forw)o(ard)g(a)g(c)o(haracter,)i
|
|
(while)g Fk(M-F)f Fl(mo)o(v)o(es)f(forw)o(ard)g(a)h(w)o(ord.)36
|
|
b(It)21 b(is)h(a)f(lo)q(ose)0 412 y(con)o(v)o(en)o(tion)15
|
|
b(that)g(con)o(trol)g(k)o(eystrok)o(es)f(op)q(erate)h(on)g(c)o
|
|
(haracters)f(while)j(meta)e(k)o(eystrok)o(es)f(op)q(erate)h(on)g(w)o
|
|
(ords.)0 696 y Ff(7.2.3)30 b(Readline)15 b(Killing)g(Commands)62
|
|
841 y Fg(Killing)25 b Fl(text)18 b(means)g(to)f(delete)i(the)g(text)e
|
|
(from)h(the)g(line,)i(but)e(to)g(sa)o(v)o(e)f(it)i(a)o(w)o(a)o(y)d(for)
|
|
i(later)g(use,)h(usually)0 903 y(b)o(y)c Fg(y)o(anking)k
|
|
Fl(\(re-inserting\))c(it)g(bac)o(k)g(in)o(to)g(the)g(line.)21
|
|
b(If)16 b(the)f(description)h(for)e(a)h(command)f(sa)o(ys)h(that)f(it)h
|
|
(`kills')0 966 y(text,)f(then)i(y)o(ou)f(can)g(b)q(e)h(sure)f(that)g(y)
|
|
o(ou)g(can)g(get)g(the)g(text)g(bac)o(k)g(in)h(a)f(di\013eren)o(t)g
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(\(or)f(the)i(same\))e(place)i(later.)62 1111 y(When)g(y)o(ou)f(use)g
|
|
(a)g(kill)i(command,)e(the)h(text)e(is)i(sa)o(v)o(ed)f(in)h(a)f
|
|
Fg(kill-ring)p Fl(.)22 b(An)o(y)16 b(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(of)g(consecutiv)
|
|
o(e)h(kills)0 1173 y(sa)o(v)o(e)g(all)i(of)e(the)h(killed)i(text)d
|
|
(together,)g(so)g(that)g(when)h(y)o(ou)f(y)o(ank)h(it)g(bac)o(k,)f(y)o
|
|
(ou)h(get)f(it)h(all.)25 b(The)17 b(kill)h(ring)f(is)0
|
|
1236 y(not)e(line)i(sp)q(eci\014c;)g(the)f(text)f(that)g(y)o(ou)g
|
|
(killed)j(on)d(a)h(previously)g(t)o(yp)q(ed)g(line)h(is)f(a)o(v)m
|
|
(ailable)i(to)d(b)q(e)h(y)o(ank)o(ed)f(bac)o(k)0 1298
|
|
y(later,)g(when)h(y)o(ou)e(are)h(t)o(yping)h(another)e(line.)62
|
|
1443 y(Here)i(is)f(the)h(list)g(of)e(commands)h(for)g(killing)j(text.)0
|
|
1610 y Fk(C-K)168 b Fl(Kill)17 b(the)f(text)e(from)h(the)g(curren)o(t)g
|
|
(cursor)g(p)q(osition)h(to)f(the)g(end)h(of)f(the)g(line.)0
|
|
1714 y Fk(M-D)168 b Fl(Kill)17 b(from)d(the)h(cursor)g(to)f(the)h(end)g
|
|
(of)g(the)g(curren)o(t)f(w)o(ord,)g(or)g(if)i(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)f(w)o
|
|
(ords,)f(to)g(the)h(end)g(of)240 1776 y(the)g(next)h(w)o(ord.)0
|
|
1880 y Fk(M-DEL)120 b Fl(Kill)16 b(from)d(the)i(cursor)e(the)h(start)f
|
|
(of)h(the)g(previous)h(w)o(ord,)e(or)g(if)i(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)f(w)o
|
|
(ords,)f(to)h(the)g(start)e(of)240 1942 y(the)j(previous)h(w)o(ord.)0
|
|
2046 y Fk(C-W)168 b Fl(Kill)18 b(from)e(the)g(cursor)g(to)f(the)h
|
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(previous)h(whitespace.)24 b(This)17 b(is)f(di\013eren)o(t)h(than)f
|
|
Fk(M-DEL)f Fl(b)q(ecause)240 2109 y(the)g(w)o(ord)g(b)q(oundaries)h
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(di\013er.)62 2275 y(And,)e(here)g(is)h(ho)o(w)e(to)g
|
|
Fg(y)o(ank)j Fl(the)e(text)f(bac)o(k)g(in)o(to)h(the)f(line.)22
|
|
b(Y)l(anking)14 b(means)g(to)f(cop)o(y)g(the)h(most-recen)o(tly-)0
|
|
2337 y(killed)j(text)e(from)g(the)g(kill)i(bu\013er.)0
|
|
2504 y Fk(C-Y)168 b Fl(Y)l(ank)15 b(the)h(most)e(recen)o(tly)i(killed)h
|
|
(text)e(bac)o(k)g(in)o(to)g(the)h(bu\013er)f(at)f(the)i(cursor.)0
|
|
2608 y Fk(M-Y)168 b Fl(Rotate)13 b(the)h(kill-ring,)i(and)e(y)o(ank)g
|
|
(the)g(new)g(top.)19 b(Y)l(ou)14 b(can)g(only)g(do)g(this)g(if)g(the)g
|
|
(prior)g(command)240 2670 y(is)i Fk(C-Y)e Fl(or)h Fk(M-Y)p
|
|
Fl(.)p eop
|
|
40 41 bop 0 -58 a Fl(40)1623 b(Bash)15 b(F)l(eatures)0
|
|
183 y Ff(7.2.4)30 b(Readline)15 b(Argumen)n(ts)62 330
|
|
y Fl(Y)l(ou)k(can)g(pass)f(n)o(umeric)i(argumen)o(ts)d(to)h(Readline)j
|
|
(commands.)30 b(Sometimes)19 b(the)f(argumen)o(t)g(acts)g(as)g(a)0
|
|
392 y(rep)q(eat)f(coun)o(t,)f(other)g(times)g(it)h(is)g(the)g
|
|
Fg(sign)f Fl(of)g(the)h(argumen)o(t)f(that)f(is)i(signi\014can)o(t.)25
|
|
b(If)16 b(y)o(ou)h(pass)f(a)g(negativ)o(e)0 455 y(argumen)o(t)g(to)g(a)
|
|
h(command)g(whic)o(h)h(normally)f(acts)g(in)h(a)e(forw)o(ard)g
|
|
(direction,)i(that)f(command)f(will)j(act)d(in)i(a)0
|
|
517 y(bac)o(kw)o(ard)13 b(direction.)21 b(F)l(or)13 b(example,)h(to)f
|
|
(kill)i(text)e(bac)o(k)h(to)f(the)h(start)e(of)h(the)h(line,)h(y)o(ou)e
|
|
(migh)o(t)h(t)o(yp)q(e)g Fk(M--)f(C-K)p Fl(.)62 664 y(The)19
|
|
b(general)g(w)o(a)o(y)f(to)g(pass)g(n)o(umeric)i(argumen)o(ts)e(to)g(a)
|
|
g(command)h(is)g(to)f(t)o(yp)q(e)g(meta)g(digits)i(b)q(efore)f(the)0
|
|
726 y(command.)36 b(If)21 b(the)g(\014rst)f(`digit')h(y)o(ou)g(t)o(yp)q
|
|
(e)f(is)i(a)e(min)o(us)h(sign)g(\()p Fk(-)p Fl(\),)g(then)g(the)g(sign)
|
|
g(of)g(the)f(argumen)o(t)g(will)0 788 y(b)q(e)i(negativ)o(e.)40
|
|
b(Once)22 b(y)o(ou)f(ha)o(v)o(e)h(t)o(yp)q(ed)g(one)f(meta)g(digit)i
|
|
(to)e(get)g(the)h(argumen)o(t)f(started,)h(y)o(ou)f(can)h(t)o(yp)q(e)0
|
|
851 y(the)c(remainder)h(of)f(the)g(digits,)h(and)f(then)h(the)f
|
|
(command.)29 b(F)l(or)17 b(example,)i(to)f(giv)o(e)g(the)g
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|
Fk(C-D)g Fl(command)g(an)0 913 y(argumen)o(t)c(of)h(10,)f(y)o(ou)h
|
|
(could)h(t)o(yp)q(e)g Fk(M-1)23 b(0)h(C-D)p Fl(.)0 1226
|
|
y Fj(7.3)33 b(Readline)16 b(Init)g(File)62 1373 y Fl(Although)g(the)g
|
|
(Readline)h(library)g(comes)e(with)h(a)f(set)g(of)g(Emacs-lik)o(e)h(k)o
|
|
(eybindings)h(installed)g(b)o(y)f(default,)0 1435 y(it)e(is)g(p)q
|
|
(ossible)i(that)d(y)o(ou)g(w)o(ould)h(lik)o(e)h(to)e(use)h(a)f
|
|
(di\013eren)o(t)h(set)g(of)f(k)o(eybindings.)21 b(Y)l(ou)14
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|
b(can)g(customize)g(programs)0 1497 y(that)i(use)i(Readline)h(b)o(y)e
|
|
(putting)h(commands)f(in)h(an)f Fg(init)i Fl(\014le)f(in)g(y)o(our)f
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|
(home)g(directory)l(.)26 b(The)18 b(name)f(of)g(this)0
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|
1559 y(\014le)h(is)g(tak)o(en)f(from)g(the)g(v)m(alue)i(of)e(the)g
|
|
(shell)i(v)m(ariable)g Fk(INPUTRC)p Fl(.)25 b(If)18 b(that)f(v)m
|
|
(ariable)h(is)g(unset,)g(the)f(default)h(is)0 1622 y(`)p
|
|
Fk(~/.inputrc)p Fl('.)62 1769 y(When)h(a)g(program)e(whic)o(h)j(uses)f
|
|
(the)g(Readline)i(library)e(starts)f(up,)h(the)g(init)h(\014le)g(is)f
|
|
(read,)g(and)g(the)g(k)o(ey)0 1831 y(bindings)e(are)e(set.)62
|
|
1978 y(In)j(addition,)h(the)f Fk(C-x)c(C-r)k Fl(command)f(re-reads)g
|
|
(this)h(init)h(\014le,)g(th)o(us)e(incorp)q(orating)h(an)o(y)f(c)o
|
|
(hanges)h(that)0 2040 y(y)o(ou)d(migh)o(t)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(made)g(to)f
|
|
(it.)0 2336 y Ff(7.3.1)30 b(Readline)15 b(Init)g(Syn)n(tax)62
|
|
2483 y Fl(There)h(are)f(only)h(a)f(few)g(basic)h(constructs)f(allo)o(w)
|
|
o(ed)h(in)g(the)g(Readline)i(init)e(\014le.)22 b(Blank)16
|
|
b(lines)h(are)e(ignored.)0 2545 y(Lines)j(b)q(eginning)g(with)f(a)f
|
|
Fk(#)g Fl(are)g(commen)o(ts.)22 b(Lines)c(b)q(eginning)g(with)f(a)f
|
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Fk($)g Fl(indicate)h(conditional)h(constructs)0 2608
|
|
y(\(see)d(Section)g(7.3.2)e([Conditional)j(Init)f(Constructs],)f(page)g
|
|
(43\).)19 b(Other)c(lines)h(denote)f(v)m(ariable)h(settings)f(and)0
|
|
2670 y(k)o(ey)g(bindings.)p eop
|
|
41 42 bop 0 -58 a Fl(Chapter)15 b(7:)k(Command)c(Line)i(Editing)1205
|
|
b(41)0 183 y(V)l(ariable)16 b(Settings)240 246 y(Y)l(ou)j(can)g(c)o
|
|
(hange)g(the)g(state)f(of)g(a)g(few)h(v)m(ariables)h(in)g(Readline)h(b)
|
|
o(y)d(using)i(the)f Fk(set)f Fl(command)240 308 y(within)e(the)f(init)h
|
|
(\014le.)k(Here)15 b(is)g(ho)o(w)g(y)o(ou)f(w)o(ould)h(sp)q(ecify)h
|
|
(that)e(y)o(ou)g(wish)i(to)e(use)h Fk(vi)f Fl(line)j(editing)240
|
|
370 y(commands:)360 433 y Fk(set)23 b(editing-mode)g(vi)240
|
|
509 y Fl(Righ)o(t)14 b(no)o(w,)f(there)h(are)f(only)h(a)f(few)h(v)m
|
|
(ariables)g(whic)o(h)h(can)f(b)q(e)g(set;)f(so)g(few,)h(in)g(fact,)f
|
|
(that)g(w)o(e)g(just)240 571 y(list)j(them)f(here:)240
|
|
647 y Fk(editing-mode)480 709 y Fl(The)e Fk(editing-mode)e
|
|
Fl(v)m(ariable)j(con)o(trols)e(whic)o(h)h(editing)h(mo)q(de)f(y)o(ou)f
|
|
(are)g(using.)20 b(By)480 771 y(default,)f(Readline)h(starts)c(up)i(in)
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|
h(Emacs)e(editing)i(mo)q(de,)f(where)g(the)g(k)o(eystrok)o(es)480
|
|
833 y(are)c(most)g(similar)h(to)f(Emacs.)19 b(This)c(v)m(ariable)h(can)
|
|
f(b)q(e)g(set)f(to)g(either)h Fk(emacs)f Fl(or)g Fk(vi)p
|
|
Fl(.)240 909 y Fk(horizontal-scroll-mode)480 971 y Fl(This)k(v)m
|
|
(ariable)g(can)f(b)q(e)g(set)g(to)f(either)i Fk(On)f
|
|
Fl(or)f Fk(Off)p Fl(.)25 b(Setting)17 b(it)g(to)f Fk(On)h
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|
Fl(means)g(that)480 1033 y(the)d(text)g(of)f(the)h(lines)i(that)d(y)o
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(ou)h(edit)h(will)g(scroll)g(horizon)o(tally)g(on)f(a)g(single)h
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(screen)480 1096 y(line)f(when)f(they)g(are)f(longer)h(than)f(the)h
|
|
(width)g(of)f(the)g(screen,)h(instead)g(of)g(wrapping)480
|
|
1158 y(on)o(to)h(a)h(new)h(screen)f(line.)22 b(By)15
|
|
b(default,)h(this)f(v)m(ariable)i(is)f(set)e(to)h Fk(Off)p
|
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Fl(.)240 1234 y Fk(mark-modified-lines)480 1296 y Fl(This)h(v)m
|
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(ariable,)g(when)g(set)f(to)f Fk(On)p Fl(,)h(sa)o(ys)f(to)g(displa)o(y)
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j(an)e(asterisk)g(\(`)p Fk(*)p Fl('\))e(at)i(the)g(start)480
|
|
1358 y(of)f(history)h(lines)i(whic)o(h)e(ha)o(v)o(e)g(b)q(een)h(mo)q
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|
(di\014ed.)21 b(This)15 b(v)m(ariable)h(is)g Fk(off)e
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|
Fl(b)o(y)h(default.)240 1434 y Fk(bell-style)480 1496
|
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y Fl(Con)o(trols)h(what)f(happ)q(ens)j(when)f(Readline)h(w)o(an)o(ts)e
|
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(to)f(ring)i(the)f(terminal)h(b)q(ell.)26 b(If)480 1558
|
|
y(set)13 b(to)g Fk(none)p Fl(,)g(Readline)j(nev)o(er)e(rings)g(the)g(b)
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q(ell.)21 b(If)14 b(set)f(to)g Fk(visible)p Fl(,)g(Readline)j(uses)480
|
|
1621 y(a)g(visible)j(b)q(ell)g(if)e(one)g(is)g(a)o(v)m(ailable.)27
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b(If)17 b(set)f(to)g Fk(audible)g Fl(\(the)h(default\),)g(Readline)480
|
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1683 y(attempts)d(to)h(ring)g(the)h(terminal's)f(b)q(ell.)240
|
|
1758 y Fk(comment-begin)480 1821 y Fl(The)21 b(string)h(to)e(insert)i
|
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(at)e(the)h(b)q(eginning)j(of)c(the)i(line)g(when)g(the)f
|
|
Fk(vi-comment)480 1883 y Fl(command)15 b(is)h(executed.)21
|
|
b(The)15 b(default)h(v)m(alue)g(is)g Fk("#")p Fl(.)240
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|
1958 y Fk(meta-flag)480 2021 y Fl(If)d(set)g(to)f Fk(on)p
|
|
Fl(,)g(Readline)j(will)g(enable)f(eigh)o(t-bit)f(input)h(\(it)f(will)h
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|
(not)f(strip)g(the)g(eigh)o(th)480 2083 y(bit)i(from)g(the)g(c)o
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(haracters)f(it)h(reads\),)f(regardless)h(of)g(what)f(the)h(terminal)h
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(claims)g(it)480 2145 y(can)f(supp)q(ort.)20 b(The)c(default)g(v)m
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(alue)g(is)g Fk(off)p Fl(.)240 2221 y Fk(convert-meta)480
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2283 y Fl(If)23 b(set)f(to)f Fk(on)p Fl(,)j(Readline)h(will)f(con)o(v)o
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(ert)d(c)o(haracters)h(with)g(the)h(eigth)g(bit)f(set)h(to)480
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2345 y(an)17 b(ASCI)q(I)g(k)o(ey)g(sequence)h(b)o(y)e(stripping)i(the)f
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|
(eigth)g(bit)g(and)g(prep)q(ending)i(an)d Fk(ESC)480
|
|
2408 y Fl(c)o(haracter,)h(con)o(v)o(erting)g(them)g(to)f(a)h
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(meta-pre\014xed)h(k)o(ey)f(sequence.)27 b(The)17 b(default)480
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|
2470 y(v)m(alue)f(is)g Fk(on)p Fl(.)240 2545 y Fk(output-meta)480
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2608 y Fl(If)d(set)f(to)g Fk(on)p Fl(,)h(Readline)i(will)f(displa)o(y)g
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(c)o(haracters)d(with)i(the)g(eigh)o(th)g(bit)g(set)g(directly)480
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|
2670 y(rather)i(than)g(as)f(a)h(meta-pre\014xed)h(escap)q(e)g
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(sequence.)21 b(The)16 b(default)f(is)h Fk(off)p Fl(.)p
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eop
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42 43 bop 0 -58 a Fl(42)1623 b(Bash)15 b(F)l(eatures)240
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183 y Fk(completion-query-items)480 246 y Fl(The)d(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g
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(of)f(p)q(ossible)j(completions)e(that)f(determines)i(when)f(the)g
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(user)g(is)g(ask)o(ed)480 308 y(whether)k(he)h(w)o(an)o(ts)d(to)i(see)g
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(the)g(list)h(of)e(p)q(ossibiliti)q(es.)25 b(If)16 b(the)g(n)o(um)o(b)q
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(er)h(of)e(p)q(ossible)480 370 y(completions)i(is)f(greater)f(than)h
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(this)h(v)m(alue,)f(Readline)j(will)e(ask)f(the)g(user)g(whether)480
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432 y(or)k(not)h(he)h(wishes)f(to)g(view)g(them;)j(otherwise,)e(they)f
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(are)g(simply)h(listed.)39 b(The)480 495 y(default)16
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b(limit)g(is)g Fk(100)p Fl(.)240 588 y Fk(keymap)96 b
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Fl(Sets)13 b(Readline's)i(idea)e(of)g(the)g(curren)o(t)f(k)o(eymap)h
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(for)f(k)o(ey)h(binding)i(commands.)k(Ac-)480 651 y(ceptable)d
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Fk(keymap)e Fl(names)h(are)g Fk(emacs)p Fl(,)f Fk(emacs-standard)p
|
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Fl(,)f Fk(emacs-meta)p Fl(,)g Fk(emacs-)480 713 y(ctlx)p
|
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Fl(,)j Fk(vi)p Fl(,)h Fk(vi-move)p Fl(,)f Fk(vi-command)p
|
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Fl(,)g(and)h Fk(vi-insert)p Fl(.)23 b Fk(vi)17 b Fl(is)g(equiv)m(alen)o
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(t)i(to)d Fk(vi-)480 775 y(command)p Fl(;)22 b Fk(emacs)e
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Fl(is)h(equiv)m(alen)o(t)h(to)e Fk(emacs-standard)p Fl(.)35
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b(The)20 b(default)i(v)m(alue)f(is)480 838 y Fk(emacs)p
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Fl(.)33 b(The)21 b(v)m(alue)g(of)e(the)i Fk(editing-mode)d
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Fl(v)m(ariable)j(also)f(a\013ects)f(the)h(default)480
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|
900 y(k)o(eymap.)240 978 y Fk(show-all-if-ambiguous)480
|
|
1040 y Fl(This)d(alters)f(the)h(default)g(b)q(eha)o(vior)g(of)f(the)g
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(completion)i(functions.)24 b(If)17 b(set)f(to)g Fk(on)p
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Fl(,)480 1102 y(w)o(ords)d(whic)o(h)h(ha)o(v)o(e)f(more)h(than)f(one)h
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(p)q(ossible)h(completion)g(cause)f(the)f(matc)o(hes)h(to)480
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1165 y(b)q(e)h(listed)g(immediately)h(instead)f(of)f(ringing)h(the)f(b)
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q(ell.)22 b(The)14 b(default)h(v)m(alue)g(is)g Fk(off)p
|
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Fl(.)240 1243 y Fk(expand-tilde)480 1305 y Fl(If)20 b(set)f(to)g
|
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Fk(on)p Fl(,)h(tilde)h(expansion)f(is)g(p)q(erformed)g(when)g(Readline)
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i(attempts)d(w)o(ord)480 1367 y(completion.)i(The)15
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b(default)h(is)g Fk(off)p Fl(.)0 1445 y(Key)g(Bindings)240
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1508 y(The)k(syn)o(tax)f(for)g(con)o(trolling)i(k)o(ey)e(bindings)j(in)
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e(the)g(init)h(\014le)g(is)f(simple.)35 b(First)19 b(y)o(ou)g(ha)o(v)o
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(e)h(to)240 1570 y(kno)o(w)13 b(the)h(name)g(of)f(the)h(command)g(that)
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f(y)o(ou)g(w)o(an)o(t)g(to)g(c)o(hange.)20 b(The)14 b(follo)o(wing)g
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(pages)g(con)o(tain)240 1632 y(tables)i(of)f(the)h(command)g(name,)f
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(the)h(default)g(k)o(eybinding,)i(and)e(a)f(short)g(description)i(of)f
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(what)240 1694 y(the)f(command)g(do)q(es.)240 1772 y(Once)h(y)o(ou)e
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(kno)o(w)g(the)h(name)g(of)f(the)h(command,)f(simply)i(place)g(the)f
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(name)f(of)h(the)f(k)o(ey)h(y)o(ou)f(wish)240 1835 y(to)g(bind)j(the)e
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(command)g(to,)f(a)g(colon,)i(and)f(then)g(the)g(name)g(of)g(the)g
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(command)g(on)g(a)f(line)j(in)f(the)240 1897 y(init)h(\014le.)22
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b(The)16 b(name)g(of)f(the)h(k)o(ey)f(can)h(b)q(e)g(expressed)h(in)f
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(di\013eren)o(t)g(w)o(a)o(ys,)f(dep)q(ending)i(on)f(whic)o(h)240
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1959 y(is)g(most)e(comfortable)h(for)g(y)o(ou.)240 2037
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y Fg(k)o(eyname)s Fl(:)k Fg(function-name)g Fl(or)c Fg(macro)480
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2100 y(k)o(eyname)j Fl(is)d(the)h(name)f(of)g(a)g(k)o(ey)g(sp)q(elled)i
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(out)e(in)h(English.)21 b(F)l(or)15 b(example:)600 2165
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y Fk(Control-u:)22 b(universal-argument)600 2215 y(Meta-Rubout:)g
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(backward-kill-word)600 2265 y(Control-o:)g(">&output")480
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2343 y Fl(In)12 b(the)g(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)f(example,)h(`)p
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Fk(C-u)p Fl(')f(is)h(b)q(ound)g(to)f(the)h(function)g
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Fk(universal-argument)p Fl(,)480 2405 y(and)h(`)p Fk(C-o)p
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Fl(')f(is)h(b)q(ound)h(to)f(run)g(the)g(macro)f(expressed)i(on)f(the)g
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(righ)o(t)g(hand)g(side)h(\(that)480 2467 y(is,)h(to)g(insert)h(the)f
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(text)g(`)p Fk(>&output)p Fl(')e(in)o(to)i(the)g(line\).)240
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2545 y Fk(")p Fg(k)o(eyseq)q Fk(")p Fl(:)20 b Fg(function-name)e
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Fl(or)d Fg(macro)480 2608 y(k)o(eyseq)j Fl(di\013ers)f(from)f
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Fg(k)o(eyname)k Fl(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)c(in)i(that)e(strings)h(denoting)h
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(an)f(en)o(tire)g(k)o(ey)480 2670 y(sequence)i(can)f(b)q(e)h(sp)q
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(eci\014ed,)i(b)o(y)d(placing)h(the)f(k)o(ey)g(sequence)h(in)g(double)h
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(quotes.)p eop
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43 44 bop 0 -58 a Fl(Chapter)15 b(7:)k(Command)c(Line)i(Editing)1205
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b(43)480 183 y(Some)18 b(GNU)g(Emacs)f(st)o(yle)h(k)o(ey)g(escap)q(es)g
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(can)g(b)q(e)h(used,)g(as)e(in)i(the)f(follo)o(wing)h(ex-)480
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246 y(ample,)c(but)h(the)f(sp)q(ecial)i(c)o(haracter)e(names)g(are)g
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(not)f(recognized.)600 308 y Fk("\\C-u":)23 b(universal-argument)600
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358 y("\\C-x\\C-r":)f(re-read-init-file)600 407 y("\\e[11~":)h
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("Function)f(Key)i(1")480 482 y Fl(In)13 b(the)g(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e)g
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(example,)g(`)p Fk(C-u)p Fl(')f(is)h(b)q(ound)h(to)e(the)h(function)g
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Fk(universal-argument)480 544 y Fl(\(just)g(as)f(it)i(w)o(as)e(in)i
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(the)f(\014rst)g(example\),)h(`)p Fk(C-x)g(C-r)p Fl(')f(is)g(b)q(ound)i
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(to)d(the)h(function)h Fk(re-)480 607 y(read-init-file)p
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Fl(,)g(and)i(`)p Fk(ESC)e([)h(1)g(1)g(~)p Fl(')h(is)g(b)q(ound)h(to)f
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(insert)g(the)g(text)f(`)p Fk(Function)480 669 y(Key)g(1)p
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Fl('.)24 b(The)18 b(follo)o(wing)f(escap)q(e)h(sequences)g(are)f(a)o(v)
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m(ailable)i(when)e(sp)q(ecifying)i(k)o(ey)480 731 y(sequences:)480
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818 y Fk(\\C-)168 b Fl(con)o(trol)15 b(pre\014x)480 906
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y Fk(\\M-)168 b Fl(meta)15 b(pre\014x)480 993 y Fk(\\e)192
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b Fl(an)15 b(escap)q(e)h(c)o(haracter)480 1080 y Fk(\\\\)192
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b Fl(bac)o(kslash)480 1167 y Fk(\\")g(")480 1254 y(\\')g(')480
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1342 y Fl(When)14 b(en)o(tering)h(the)f(text)f(of)h(a)f(macro,)g
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(single)j(or)d(double)i(quotes)f(should)h(b)q(e)f(used)480
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1404 y(to)g(indicate)j(a)e(macro)f(de\014nition.)22 b(Unquoted)15
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b(text)g(is)g(assumed)g(to)g(b)q(e)g(a)g(function)480
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1466 y(name.)27 b(Bac)o(kslash)18 b(will)h(quote)e(an)o(y)g(c)o
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(haracter)g(in)h(the)g(macro)f(text,)g(including)j Fk(")480
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1528 y Fl(and)c Fk(')p Fl(.)22 b(F)l(or)16 b(example,)h(the)f(follo)o
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(wing)h(binding)h(will)f(mak)o(e)f Fk(C-x)f(\\)g Fl(insert)i(a)f
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(single)480 1591 y Fk(\\)f Fl(in)o(to)g(the)g(line:)600
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1653 y Fk("\\C-x\\\\":)23 b("\\\\")0 1860 y Ff(7.3.2)30
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b(Conditional)15 b(Init)g(Constructs)62 1997 y Fl(Readline)j(implemen)o
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(ts)e(a)f(facilit)o(y)h(similar)g(in)g(spirit)g(to)f(the)g(conditional)
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i(compilation)f(features)f(of)g(the)g(C)0 2060 y(prepro)q(cessor)f
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(whic)o(h)h(allo)o(ws)f(k)o(ey)g(bindings)h(and)f(v)m(ariable)i
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(settings)e(to)f(b)q(e)h(p)q(erformed)h(as)e(the)h(result)g(of)g
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(tests.)0 2122 y(There)h(are)g(three)h(parser)e(directiv)o(es)j(used.)0
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2271 y Fk($if)168 b Fl(The)14 b Fk($if)e Fl(construct)h(allo)o(ws)h
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(bindings)h(to)e(b)q(e)h(made)f(based)h(on)f(the)h(editing)g(mo)q(de,)g
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(the)f(terminal)240 2334 y(b)q(eing)k(used,)e(or)g(the)g(application)i
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(using)f(Readline.)22 b(The)16 b(text)f(of)g(the)g(test)g(extends)g(to)
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g(the)g(end)240 2396 y(of)g(the)g(line;)i(no)e(c)o(haracters)f(are)h
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(required)h(to)f(isolate)g(it.)240 2483 y Fk(mode)144
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b Fl(The)19 b Fk(mode=)f Fl(form)g(of)h(the)g Fk($if)f
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Fl(directiv)o(e)i(is)f(used)h(to)e(test)g(whether)h(Readline)i(is)480
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2545 y(in)h Fk(emacs)f Fl(or)f Fk(vi)h Fl(mo)q(de.)38
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b(This)22 b(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)h(used)g(in)g(conjunction)g(with)f(the)h(`)p
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Fk(set)480 2608 y(keymap)p Fl(')d(command,)i(for)e(instance,)j(to)d
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(set)h(bindings)i(in)f(the)f Fk(emacs-standard)480 2670
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y Fl(and)15 b Fk(emacs-ctlx)f Fl(k)o(eymaps)h(only)h(if)f(Readline)j
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(is)e(starting)e(out)h(in)h Fk(emacs)f Fl(mo)q(de.)p
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eop
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44 45 bop 0 -58 a Fl(44)1623 b(Bash)15 b(F)l(eatures)240
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183 y Fk(term)144 b Fl(The)21 b Fk(term=)f Fl(form)g(ma)o(y)h(b)q(e)g
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(used)h(to)e(include)j(terminal-sp)q(eci\014c)h(k)o(ey)c(bindings,)480
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246 y(p)q(erhaps)15 b(to)f(bind)j(the)d(k)o(ey)h(sequences)h(output)e
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(b)o(y)h(the)g(terminal's)g(function)h(k)o(eys.)480 308
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y(The)f(w)o(ord)g(on)f(the)i(righ)o(t)e(side)i(of)f(the)g(`)p
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Fk(=)p Fl(')f(is)h(tested)g(against)g(the)g(full)h(name)f(of)g(the)480
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370 y(terminal)k(and)g(the)g(p)q(ortion)g(of)f(the)h(terminal)g(name)g
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(b)q(efore)g(the)g(\014rst)f(`)p Fk(-)p Fl('.)29 b(This)480
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432 y(allo)o(ws)15 b Fg(sun)h Fl(to)e(matc)o(h)h(b)q(oth)g
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Fg(sun)h Fl(and)f Fg(sun-cmd)p Fl(,)h(for)f(instance.)240
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510 y Fk(application)480 572 y Fl(The)j Fg(application)i
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Fl(construct)e(is)g(used)h(to)e(include)k(application-sp)q(eci\014c)g
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(settings.)480 634 y(Eac)o(h)d(program)g(using)h(the)f(Readline)j
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(library)e(sets)f(the)h Fg(application)h(name)p Fl(,)f(and)480
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697 y(y)o(ou)c(can)h(test)f(for)g(it.)21 b(This)16 b(could)g(b)q(e)h
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(used)f(to)e(bind)j(k)o(ey)f(sequences)g(to)f(functions)480
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759 y(useful)h(for)e(a)h(sp)q(eci\014c)i(program.)h(F)l(or)d(instance,)
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g(the)g(follo)o(wing)h(command)e(adds)h(a)480 821 y(k)o(ey)g(sequence)h
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(that)f(quotes)g(the)g(curren)o(t)g(or)g(previous)h(w)o(ord)e(in)i
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(Bash:)600 886 y Fk($if)23 b(bash)600 936 y(#)h(Quote)f(the)g(current)g
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(or)h(previous)f(word)600 986 y("\\C-xq":)g("\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")600
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1036 y($endif)0 1129 y($endif)96 b Fl(This)16 b(command,)e(as)h(y)o(ou)
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g(sa)o(w)g(in)h(the)f(previous)h(example,)f(terminates)h(an)f
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Fk($if)f Fl(command.)0 1222 y Fk($else)120 b Fl(Commands)15
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b(in)h(this)f(branc)o(h)h(of)e(the)i Fk($if)e Fl(directiv)o(e)j(are)e
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(executed)h(if)g(the)f(test)g(fails.)0 1472 y Fj(7.4)33
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b(Bindable)16 b(Readline)h(Commands)0 1706 y Ff(7.4.1)30
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b(Commands)15 b(F)-5 b(or)15 b(Mo)n(ving)0 1846 y Fk(beginning-of-line)
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e(\(C-a\))240 1908 y Fl(Mo)o(v)o(e)h(to)h(the)g(start)f(of)h(the)g
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(curren)o(t)g(line.)0 1986 y Fk(end-of-line)f(\(C-e\))240
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2048 y Fl(Mo)o(v)o(e)g(to)h(the)g(end)h(of)f(the)g(line.)0
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2126 y Fk(forward-char)f(\(C-f\))240 2188 y Fl(Mo)o(v)o(e)g(forw)o(ard)
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g(a)h(c)o(haracter.)0 2266 y Fk(backward-char)e(\(C-b\))240
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2328 y Fl(Mo)o(v)o(e)h(bac)o(k)h(a)g(c)o(haracter.)0
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2406 y Fk(forward-word)f(\(M-f\))240 2468 y Fl(Mo)o(v)o(e)g(forw)o(ard)
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g(to)h(the)g(end)h(of)f(the)g(next)g(w)o(ord.)k(W)l(ords)c(are)g(comp)q
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(osed)h(of)e(letters)i(and)f(digits.)0 2545 y Fk(backward-word)e
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(\(M-b\))240 2608 y Fl(Mo)o(v)o(e)j(bac)o(k)g(to)g(the)h(start)f(of)g
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(this,)h(or)g(the)f(previous,)i(w)o(ord.)24 b(W)l(ords)16
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b(are)g(comp)q(osed)i(of)e(letters)240 2670 y(and)f(digits.)p
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eop
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45 46 bop 0 -58 a Fl(Chapter)15 b(7:)k(Command)c(Line)i(Editing)1205
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b(45)0 183 y Fk(clear-screen)14 b(\(C-l\))240 246 y Fl(Clear)h(the)g
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(screen)g(and)g(redra)o(w)f(the)h(curren)o(t)g(line,)h(lea)o(ving)g
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(the)f(curren)o(t)f(line)j(at)d(the)h(top)f(of)h(the)240
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308 y(screen.)0 386 y Fk(redraw-current-line)e(\(\))240
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448 y Fl(Refresh)j(the)f(curren)o(t)g(line.)22 b(By)15
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b(default,)h(this)f(is)h(un)o(b)q(ound.)0 688 y Ff(7.4.2)30
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b(Commands)15 b(F)-5 b(or)15 b(Manipulating)g(The)g(History)0
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829 y Fk(accept-line)f(\(Newline,)g(Return\))240 891
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y Fl(Accept)k(the)g(line)h(regardless)f(of)f(where)h(the)g(cursor)f
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(is.)28 b(If)18 b(this)g(line)h(is)g(non-empt)o(y)l(,)f(add)g(it)g(to)
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240 953 y(the)d(history)f(list)h(according)g(to)f(the)g(setting)h(of)f
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(the)g Fk(HISTCONTROL)f Fl(v)m(ariable.)21 b(If)15 b(this)g(line)h(w)o
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(as)d(a)240 1015 y(history)i(line,)i(then)e(restore)g(the)g(history)g
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(line)i(to)e(its)g(original)h(state.)0 1094 y Fk(previous-history)d
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(\(C-p\))240 1156 y Fl(Mo)o(v)o(e)h(`up')h(through)g(the)g(history)g
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(list.)0 1234 y Fk(next-history)f(\(C-n\))240 1296 y
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Fl(Mo)o(v)o(e)g(`do)o(wn')g(through)h(the)h(history)f(list.)0
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1375 y Fk(beginning-of-history)d(\(M-<\))240 1437 y Fl(Mo)o(v)o(e)i(to)
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h(the)g(\014rst)g(line)i(in)f(the)f(history)l(.)0 1515
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y Fk(end-of-history)e(\(M->\))240 1578 y Fl(Mo)o(v)o(e)h(to)h(the)g
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(end)h(of)f(the)g(input)h(history)l(,)f(i.e.,)g(the)g(line)i(y)o(ou)e
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(are)g(en)o(tering.)0 1656 y Fk(reverse-search-history)d(\(C-r\))240
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1718 y Fl(Searc)o(h)18 b(bac)o(kw)o(ard)f(starting)g(at)g(the)g(curren)
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o(t)h(line)h(and)f(mo)o(ving)f(`up')h(through)f(the)h(history)f(as)240
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1780 y(necessary)l(.)j(This)c(is)g(an)f(incremen)o(tal)h(searc)o(h.)0
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1859 y Fk(forward-search-history)c(\(C-s\))240 1921 y
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Fl(Searc)o(h)j(forw)o(ard)e(starting)h(at)g(the)g(curren)o(t)h(line)h
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(and)f(mo)o(ving)f(`do)o(wn')g(through)g(the)g(the)h(history)240
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1983 y(as)g(necessary)l(.)20 b(This)c(is)g(an)f(incremen)o(tal)h(searc)
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o(h.)0 2062 y Fk(non-incremental-reverse-se)o(arch-hi)o(story)c
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(\(M-p\))240 2124 y Fl(Searc)o(h)18 b(bac)o(kw)o(ard)f(starting)g(at)g
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(the)g(curren)o(t)h(line)h(and)f(mo)o(ving)f(`up')h(through)f(the)h
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(history)f(as)240 2186 y(necessary)e(using)h(a)f(non-incremen)o(tal)i
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(searc)o(h)e(for)g(a)f(string)i(supplied)h(b)o(y)e(the)h(user.)0
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2264 y Fk(non-incremental-forward-se)o(arch-hi)o(story)c(\(M-n\))240
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2327 y Fl(Searc)o(h)j(forw)o(ard)e(starting)h(at)g(the)g(curren)o(t)h
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(line)h(and)f(mo)o(ving)f(`do)o(wn')g(through)g(the)g(the)h(history)240
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2389 y(as)g(necessary)g(using)h(a)f(non-incremen)o(tal)i(searc)o(h)e
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(for)f(a)h(string)g(supplied)j(b)o(y)d(the)g(user.)0
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2467 y Fk(history-search-forward)d(\(\))240 2529 y Fl(Searc)o(h)h(forw)
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o(ard)f(through)h(the)g(history)g(for)g(the)g(string)g(of)g(c)o
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(haracters)f(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)i(the)f(start)f(of)h(the)240
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2592 y(curren)o(t)j(line)i(and)e(the)h(curren)o(t)f(p)q(oin)o(t.)23
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b(This)17 b(is)f(a)g(non-incremen)o(tal)i(searc)o(h.)23
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b(By)16 b(default,)h(this)240 2654 y(command)e(is)h(un)o(b)q(ound.)p
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eop
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46 47 bop 0 -58 a Fl(46)1623 b(Bash)15 b(F)l(eatures)0
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183 y Fk(history-search-backward)d(\(\))240 246 y Fl(Searc)o(h)k(bac)o
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(kw)o(ard)g(through)g(the)g(history)g(for)g(the)g(string)g(of)g(c)o
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(haracters)g(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)g(the)g(start)f(of)240
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308 y(the)i(curren)o(t)g(line)h(and)f(the)g(curren)o(t)g(p)q(oin)o(t.)
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25 b(This)17 b(is)g(a)g(non-incremen)o(tal)h(searc)o(h.)25
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b(By)17 b(default,)240 370 y(this)f(command)f(is)g(un)o(b)q(ound.)0
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450 y Fk(yank-nth-arg)f(\(M-C-y\))240 512 y Fl(Insert)19
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b(the)g(\014rst)f(argumen)o(t)g(to)g(the)h(previous)g(command)g
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(\(usually)g(the)g(second)g(w)o(ord)f(on)h(the)240 575
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y(previous)e(line\).)23 b(With)16 b(an)g(argumen)o(t)f
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Fg(n)p Fl(,)h(insert)h(the)f Fg(n)p Fl(th)g(w)o(ord)f(from)g(the)h
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(previous)h(command)240 637 y(\(the)d(w)o(ords)g(in)h(the)g(previous)g
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(command)f(b)q(egin)i(with)f(w)o(ord)f(0\).)19 b(A)14
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b(negativ)o(e)h(argumen)o(t)f(inserts)240 699 y(the)h
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Fg(n)p Fl(th)h(w)o(ord)e(from)h(the)g(end)h(of)e(the)i(previous)g
|
|
(command.)0 779 y Fk(yank-last-arg)d(\(M-.,)i(M-_\))240
|
|
841 y Fl(Insert)k(last)g(argumen)o(t)g(to)f(the)h(previous)h(command)f
|
|
(\(the)g(last)g(w)o(ord)f(on)h(the)g(previous)h(line\).)240
|
|
904 y(With)15 b(an)h(argumen)o(t,)e(b)q(eha)o(v)o(e)h(exactly)h(lik)o
|
|
(e)g Fk(yank-nth-arg)p Fl(.)0 1158 y Ff(7.4.3)30 b(Commands)15
|
|
b(F)-5 b(or)15 b(Changing)g(T)-5 b(ext)0 1301 y Fk(delete-char)14
|
|
b(\(C-d\))240 1363 y Fl(Delete)f(the)f(c)o(haracter)f(under)i(the)f
|
|
(cursor.)19 b(If)12 b(the)g(cursor)g(is)g(at)g(the)g(b)q(eginning)i(of)
|
|
e(the)g(line,)i(there)240 1425 y(are)k(no)g(c)o(haracters)g(in)h(the)g
|
|
(line,)h(and)f(the)f(last)g(c)o(haracter)g(t)o(yp)q(ed)h(w)o(as)e(not)h
|
|
(C-d,)h(then)g(return)240 1487 y(EOF.)0 1567 y Fk(backward-delete-char)
|
|
12 b(\(Rubout\))240 1630 y Fl(Delete)g(the)f(c)o(haracter)f(b)q(ehind)j
|
|
(the)e(cursor.)18 b(A)11 b(n)o(umeric)h(arg)e(sa)o(ys)g(to)g(kill)j
|
|
(the)e(c)o(haracters)f(instead)240 1692 y(of)15 b(deleting)h(them.)0
|
|
1772 y Fk(quoted-insert)d(\(C-q,)i(C-v\))240 1834 y Fl(Add)i(the)f
|
|
(next)h(c)o(haracter)f(that)f(y)o(ou)h(t)o(yp)q(e)h(to)f(the)g(line)i
|
|
(v)o(erbatim.)24 b(This)17 b(is)g(ho)o(w)e(to)h(insert)h(k)o(ey)240
|
|
1897 y(sequences)f(lik)o(e)h Fk(C-Q)p Fl(,)d(for)h(example.)0
|
|
1976 y Fk(tab-insert)f(\(M-TAB\))240 2039 y Fl(Insert)h(a)g(tab)g(c)o
|
|
(haracter.)0 2119 y Fk(self-insert)f(\(a,)g(b,)h(A,)g(1,)g(!,)g(...\))
|
|
240 2181 y Fl(Insert)g(y)o(ourself.)0 2261 y Fk(transpose-chars)e
|
|
(\(C-t\))240 2323 y Fl(Drag)h(the)h(c)o(haracter)g(b)q(efore)g(the)h
|
|
(cursor)f(forw)o(ard)f(o)o(v)o(er)g(the)h(c)o(haracter)g(at)f(the)i
|
|
(cursor,)e(mo)o(ving)240 2386 y(the)k(cursor)h(forw)o(ard)e(as)h(w)o
|
|
(ell.)30 b(If)19 b(the)f(insertion)i(p)q(oin)o(t)f(is)g(at)e(the)i(end)
|
|
g(of)f(the)g(line,)j(then)e(this)240 2448 y(transp)q(oses)c(the)g(last)
|
|
g(t)o(w)o(o)f(c)o(haracters)h(of)f(the)i(line.)21 b(Negativ)o(e)15
|
|
b(argumen)o(tss)f(don't)h(w)o(ork.)0 2528 y Fk(transpose-words)e
|
|
(\(M-t\))240 2590 y Fl(Drag)f(the)h(w)o(ord)f(b)q(ehind)i(the)f(cursor)
|
|
g(past)f(the)h(w)o(ord)f(in)h(fron)o(t)f(of)h(the)f(cursor)h(mo)o(ving)
|
|
f(the)h(cursor)240 2652 y(o)o(v)o(er)h(that)h(w)o(ord)f(as)h(w)o(ell.)p
|
|
eop
|
|
47 48 bop 0 -58 a Fl(Chapter)15 b(7:)k(Command)c(Line)i(Editing)1205
|
|
b(47)0 183 y Fk(upcase-word)14 b(\(M-u\))240 246 y Fl(Upp)q(ercase)h
|
|
(the)e(curren)o(t)h(\(or)f(follo)o(wing\))h(w)o(ord.)k(With)c(a)f
|
|
(negativ)o(e)h(argumen)o(t,)f(do)g(the)h(previous)240
|
|
308 y(w)o(ord,)g(but)h(do)h(not)e(mo)o(v)o(e)h(the)g(cursor.)0
|
|
383 y Fk(downcase-word)e(\(M-l\))240 445 y Fl(Lo)o(w)o(ercase)g(the)i
|
|
(curren)o(t)f(\(or)f(follo)o(wing\))h(w)o(ord.)19 b(With)14
|
|
b(a)g(negativ)o(e)g(argumen)o(t,)f(do)h(the)g(previous)240
|
|
507 y(w)o(ord,)g(but)h(do)h(not)e(mo)o(v)o(e)h(the)g(cursor.)0
|
|
582 y Fk(capitalize-word)e(\(M-c\))240 644 y Fl(Capitalize)j(the)e
|
|
(curren)o(t)g(\(or)f(follo)o(wing\))i(w)o(ord.)j(With)d(a)f(negativ)o
|
|
(e)g(argumen)o(t,)f(do)h(the)g(previous)240 707 y(w)o(ord,)g(but)h(do)h
|
|
(not)e(mo)o(v)o(e)h(the)g(cursor.)0 916 y Ff(7.4.4)30
|
|
b(Killing)15 b(And)h(Y)-5 b(anking)0 1053 y Fk(kill-line)14
|
|
b(\(C-k\))240 1115 y Fl(Kill)j(the)f(text)e(from)h(the)g(curren)o(t)g
|
|
(cursor)g(p)q(osition)h(to)f(the)g(end)h(of)f(the)g(line.)0
|
|
1190 y Fk(backward-kill-line)e(\(C-x)h(Rubout\))240 1252
|
|
y Fl(Kill)j(bac)o(kw)o(ard)e(to)f(the)i(b)q(eginning)h(of)e(the)g
|
|
(line.)0 1327 y Fk(unix-line-discard)e(\(C-u\))240 1390
|
|
y Fl(Kill)j(bac)o(kw)o(ard)d(from)f(the)i(cursor)f(to)g(the)h(b)q
|
|
(eginning)i(of)d(the)g(curren)o(t)h(line.)21 b(Sa)o(v)o(e)13
|
|
b(the)h(killed)h(text)240 1452 y(on)g(the)g(kill-ring.)0
|
|
1527 y Fk(kill-whole-line)e(\(\))240 1589 y Fl(Kill)18
|
|
b(all)f(c)o(haracters)e(on)h(the)g(curren)o(t)f(line,)j(no)e(matter)e
|
|
(where)i(the)g(cursor)g(is.)22 b(By)16 b(default,)h(this)240
|
|
1651 y(is)f(un)o(b)q(ound.)0 1726 y Fk(kill-word)e(\(M-d\))240
|
|
1789 y Fl(Kill)j(from)d(the)h(cursor)g(to)f(the)h(end)g(of)g(the)g
|
|
(curren)o(t)f(w)o(ord,)g(or)g(if)i(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)f(w)o(ords,)f(to)g
|
|
(the)h(end)g(of)240 1851 y(the)g(next)h(w)o(ord.)j(W)l(ord)c(b)q
|
|
(oundaries)h(are)f(the)g(same)g(as)g Fk(forward-word)p
|
|
Fl(.)0 1926 y Fk(backward-kill-word)e(\(M-DEL\))240 1988
|
|
y Fl(Kill)k(the)f(w)o(ord)e(b)q(ehind)j(the)f(cursor.)j(W)l(ord)c(b)q
|
|
(oundaries)i(are)d(the)i(same)f(as)f Fk(backward-word)p
|
|
Fl(.)0 2063 y Fk(unix-word-rubout)f(\(C-w\))240 2125
|
|
y Fl(Kill)i(the)e(w)o(ord)f(b)q(ehind)j(the)f(cursor,)e(using)i(white)f
|
|
(space)h(as)e(a)h(w)o(ord)f(b)q(oundary)l(.)20 b(The)13
|
|
b(killed)i(text)240 2187 y(is)h(sa)o(v)o(ed)e(on)i(the)f(kill-ring.)0
|
|
2262 y Fk(delete-horizontal-space)d(\(\))240 2325 y Fl(Delete)k(all)g
|
|
(spaces)f(and)h(tabs)e(around)i(p)q(oin)o(t.)k(By)15
|
|
b(default,)h(this)f(is)h(un)o(b)q(ound.)0 2399 y Fk(yank)f(\(C-y\))240
|
|
2462 y Fl(Y)l(ank)g(the)h(top)f(of)f(the)i(kill)h(ring)e(in)o(to)g(the)
|
|
h(bu\013er)f(at)f(the)i(curren)o(t)f(cursor)g(p)q(osition.)0
|
|
2537 y Fk(yank-pop)f(\(M-y\))240 2599 y Fl(Rotate)f(the)h(kill-ring,)i
|
|
(and)e(y)o(ank)g(the)g(new)g(top.)19 b(Y)l(ou)14 b(can)g(only)g(do)g
|
|
(this)g(if)g(the)g(prior)g(command)240 2661 y(is)i(y)o(ank)f(or)f(y)o
|
|
(ank-p)q(op.)p eop
|
|
48 49 bop 0 -58 a Fl(48)1623 b(Bash)15 b(F)l(eatures)0
|
|
183 y Ff(7.4.5)30 b(Sp)r(ecifying)15 b(Numeric)h(Argumen)n(ts)0
|
|
324 y Fk(digit-argument)d(\(M-0,)i(M-1,)f(...)h(M--\))240
|
|
386 y Fl(Add)k(this)f(digit)h(to)f(the)g(argumen)o(t)f(already)i(accum)
|
|
o(ulating,)g(or)f(start)f(a)g(new)i(argumen)o(t.)28 b(M{)240
|
|
448 y(starts)14 b(a)h(negativ)o(e)g(argumen)o(t.)0 527
|
|
y Fk(universal-argument)e(\(\))240 589 y Fl(Eac)o(h)k(time)h(this)g(is)
|
|
f(executed,)i(the)e(argumen)o(t)g(coun)o(t)g(is)h(m)o(ultiplied)i(b)o
|
|
(y)d(four.)26 b(The)18 b(argumen)o(t)240 651 y(coun)o(t)i(is)h
|
|
(initially)j(one,)d(so)f(executing)i(this)f(function)g(the)g(\014rst)f
|
|
(time)h(mak)o(es)f(the)h(argumen)o(t)240 714 y(coun)o(t)15
|
|
b(four.)20 b(By)15 b(default,)g(this)h(is)g(not)e(b)q(ound)j(to)d(a)h
|
|
(k)o(ey)l(.)0 954 y Ff(7.4.6)30 b(Letting)14 b(Readline)h(T)n(yp)r(e)h
|
|
(F)-5 b(or)14 b(Y)-5 b(ou)0 1095 y Fk(complete)14 b(\(TAB\))240
|
|
1157 y Fl(A)o(ttempt)i(to)h(do)g(completion)i(on)e(the)g(text)g(b)q
|
|
(efore)h(the)f(cursor.)26 b(This)18 b(is)g(application-sp)q(eci\014c.)
|
|
240 1219 y(Generally)l(,)h(if)f(y)o(ou)f(are)h(t)o(yping)g(a)f
|
|
(\014lename)i(argumen)o(t,)e(y)o(ou)g(can)h(do)f(\014lename)i
|
|
(completion;)g(if)240 1282 y(y)o(ou)f(are)f(t)o(yping)i(a)e(command,)i
|
|
(y)o(ou)e(can)i(do)f(command)g(completion,)h(if)g(y)o(ou)e(are)h(t)o
|
|
(yping)g(in)h(a)240 1344 y(sym)o(b)q(ol)e(to)f(GDB,)g(y)o(ou)g(can)h
|
|
(do)g(sym)o(b)q(ol)g(name)g(completion,)h(if)f(y)o(ou)f(are)h(t)o
|
|
(yping)g(in)g(a)g(v)m(ariable)240 1406 y(to)e(Bash,)h(y)o(ou)f(can)h
|
|
(do)g(v)m(ariable)h(name)f(completion,)h(and)f(so)f(on.)22
|
|
b(See)16 b(the)g(Bash)g(man)o(ual)g(page)240 1468 y(for)f(a)f(complete)
|
|
i(list)g(of)f(a)o(v)m(ailable)i(completion)f(functions.)0
|
|
1547 y Fk(possible-completions)c(\(M-?\))240 1609 y Fl(List)k(the)f(p)q
|
|
(ossible)i(completions)f(of)f(the)g(text)g(b)q(efore)h(the)f(cursor.)0
|
|
1687 y Fk(insert-completions)e(\(\))240 1750 y Fl(Insert)22
|
|
b(all)h(completions)g(of)f(the)g(text)f(b)q(efore)h(p)q(oin)o(t)h(that)
|
|
e(w)o(ould)h(ha)o(v)o(e)g(b)q(een)h(generated)f(b)o(y)240
|
|
1812 y Fk(possible-completions)p Fl(.)17 b(By)e(default,)h(this)f(is)h
|
|
(not)f(b)q(ound)h(to)f(a)g(k)o(ey)l(.)0 2052 y Ff(7.4.7)30
|
|
b(Keyb)r(oard)15 b(Macros)0 2193 y Fk(start-kbd-macro)e(\(C-x)i(\(\))
|
|
240 2255 y Fl(Begin)h(sa)o(ving)f(the)h(c)o(haracters)e(t)o(yp)q(ed)i
|
|
(in)o(to)f(the)g(curren)o(t)g(k)o(eyb)q(oard)g(macro.)0
|
|
2334 y Fk(end-kbd-macro)e(\(C-x)i(\)\))240 2396 y Fl(Stop)f(sa)o(ving)h
|
|
(the)g(c)o(haracters)f(t)o(yp)q(ed)h(in)o(to)f(the)h(curren)o(t)f(k)o
|
|
(eyb)q(oard)h(macro)f(and)h(sa)o(v)o(e)f(the)g(de\014ni-)240
|
|
2458 y(tion.)0 2537 y Fk(call-last-kbd-macro)f(\(C-x)h(e\))240
|
|
2599 y Fl(Re-execute)20 b(the)f(last)f(k)o(eyb)q(oard)g(macro)g
|
|
(de\014ned,)i(b)o(y)f(making)f(the)h(c)o(haracters)f(in)h(the)g(macro)
|
|
240 2661 y(app)q(ear)c(as)g(if)h(t)o(yp)q(ed)f(at)g(the)g(k)o(eyb)q
|
|
(oard.)p eop
|
|
49 50 bop 0 -58 a Fl(Chapter)15 b(7:)k(Command)c(Line)i(Editing)1205
|
|
b(49)0 183 y Ff(7.4.8)30 b(Some)15 b(Miscellaneous)h(Commands)0
|
|
320 y Fk(re-read-init-file)d(\(C-x)h(C-r\))240 382 y
|
|
Fl(Read)i(in)g(the)f(con)o(ten)o(ts)f(of)h(y)o(our)g(init)h(\014le,)g
|
|
(and)f(incorp)q(orate)h(an)o(y)e(bindings)j(or)e(v)m(ariable)i(assign-)
|
|
240 445 y(men)o(ts)e(found)g(there.)0 515 y Fk(abort)f(\(C-g\))240
|
|
578 y Fl(Ab)q(ort)f(the)h(curren)o(t)f(editing)i(command)e(and)h(ring)g
|
|
(the)f(terminal's)h(b)q(ell)h(\(sub)s(ject)f(to)e(the)i(setting)240
|
|
640 y(of)h Fk(bell-style)p Fl(\).)0 710 y Fk(do-uppercase-version)d
|
|
(\(M-a,)j(M-b,)f(...\))240 773 y Fl(Run)i(the)f(command)g(that)g(is)h
|
|
(b)q(ound)g(to)e(the)i(corresop)q(onding)g(upp)q(ercase)g(c)o
|
|
(haracter.)0 843 y Fk(prefix-meta)e(\(ESC\))240 906 y
|
|
Fl(Mak)o(e)g(the)g(next)h(c)o(haracter)f(that)g(y)o(ou)g(t)o(yp)q(e)h
|
|
(b)q(e)g(meta\014ed.)20 b(This)15 b(is)g(for)f(p)q(eople)i(without)e(a)
|
|
h(meta)240 968 y(k)o(ey)l(.)20 b(T)o(yping)c(`)p Fk(ESC)e(f)p
|
|
Fl(')h(is)g(equiv)m(alen)o(t)i(to)e(t)o(yping)g(`)p Fk(M-f)p
|
|
Fl('.)0 1038 y Fk(undo)g(\(C-_,)f(C-x)h(C-u\))240 1101
|
|
y Fl(Incremen)o(tal)h(undo,)f(separately)h(remem)o(b)q(ered)g(for)e
|
|
(eac)o(h)h(line.)0 1171 y Fk(revert-line)f(\(M-r\))240
|
|
1234 y Fl(Undo)20 b(all)h(c)o(hanges)f(made)g(to)f(this)i(line.)35
|
|
b(This)21 b(is)f(lik)o(e)h(t)o(yping)f(the)g Fk(undo)g
|
|
Fl(command)g(enough)240 1296 y(times)15 b(to)g(get)g(bac)o(k)g(to)f
|
|
(the)i(b)q(eginning.)0 1366 y Fk(tilde-expand)e(\(M-~\))240
|
|
1429 y Fl(P)o(erform)g(tilde)j(expansion)f(on)f(the)g(curren)o(t)g(w)o
|
|
(ord.)0 1499 y Fk(dump-functions)e(\(\))240 1562 y Fl(Prin)o(t)18
|
|
b(all)h(of)f(the)g(functions)h(and)g(their)g(k)o(ey)f(bindings)i(to)d
|
|
(the)i(readline)h(output)e(stream.)28 b(If)18 b(a)240
|
|
1624 y(n)o(umeric)i(argumen)o(t)d(is)i(supplied,)j(the)d(output)f(is)h
|
|
(formatted)f(in)h(suc)o(h)g(a)f(w)o(a)o(y)g(that)g(it)h(can)f(b)q(e)240
|
|
1686 y(made)d(part)g(of)g(an)g Fg(inputrc)k Fl(\014le.)0
|
|
1757 y Fk(display-shell-version)12 b(\(C-x)j(C-v\))240
|
|
1819 y Fl(Displa)o(y)h(v)o(ersion)f(information)h(ab)q(out)f(the)g
|
|
(curren)o(t)g(instance)h(of)f(Bash.)0 1890 y Fk(shell-expand-line)e
|
|
(\(M-C-e\))240 1952 y Fl(Expand)f(the)h(line)g(the)f(w)o(a)o(y)g(the)g
|
|
(shell)h(do)q(es)g(when)f(it)h(reads)f(it.)19 b(This)12
|
|
b(p)q(erforms)g(alias)h(and)f(history)240 2014 y(expansion)k(as)f(w)o
|
|
(ell)h(as)f(all)h(of)f(the)g(shell)i(w)o(ord)d(expansions.)0
|
|
2085 y Fk(history-expand-line)f(\(M-^\))240 2147 y Fl(P)o(erform)h
|
|
(history)h(expansion)h(on)g(the)f(curren)o(t)g(line.)0
|
|
2217 y Fk(insert-last-argument)d(\(M-.,)j(M-_\))240 2280
|
|
y Fl(A)g(synon)o(ym)g(for)g Fk(yank-last-arg)p Fl(.)0
|
|
2350 y Fk(operate-and-get-next)d(\(C-o\))240 2413 y Fl(Accept)i(the)f
|
|
(curren)o(t)h(line)g(for)f(execution)i(and)e(fetc)o(h)g(the)h(next)f
|
|
(line)i(relativ)o(e)f(to)f(the)g(curren)o(t)g(line)240
|
|
2475 y(from)h(the)i(history)f(for)f(editing.)22 b(An)o(y)15
|
|
b(argumen)o(t)f(is)i(ignored.)0 2545 y Fk(emacs-editing-mode)d(\(C-e\))
|
|
240 2608 y Fl(When)k(in)h Fk(vi)e Fl(editing)i(mo)q(de,)f(this)g
|
|
(causes)g(a)g(switc)o(h)g(bac)o(k)f(to)h(emacs)f(editing)i(mo)q(de,)f
|
|
(as)g(if)g(the)240 2670 y(command)e Fk(set)g(-o)g(emacs)f
|
|
Fl(had)i(b)q(een)g(executed.)p eop
|
|
50 51 bop 0 -58 a Fl(50)1623 b(Bash)15 b(F)l(eatures)0
|
|
183 y Fj(7.5)33 b(Readline)16 b(vi)g(Mo)r(de)62 320 y
|
|
Fl(While)d(the)f(Readline)i(library)e(do)q(es)g(not)g(ha)o(v)o(e)f(a)g
|
|
(full)i(set)f(of)f Fk(vi)g Fl(editing)i(functions,)g(it)f(do)q(es)g
|
|
(con)o(tain)g(enough)0 382 y(to)i(allo)o(w)h(simple)i(editing)f(of)f
|
|
(the)g(line.)21 b(The)15 b(Readline)i Fk(vi)e Fl(mo)q(de)g(b)q(eha)o(v)
|
|
o(es)h(as)e(sp)q(eci\014ed)j(in)f(the)f(P)o(osix)g(1003.2)0
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|
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|
|
53 54 bop 0 -58 a Fl(App)q(endix)17 b(B:)e(Concept)h(Index)1347
|
|
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|
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|
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|
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g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)19 b Fc(44)0 1919 y Fe(beginning-)o(of)o(-hi)o
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g(:)g(:)g(:)22 b Fc(44)0 2035 y Fe(bg)7 b Fd(:)e(:)h(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)21 b Fc(49)1015 962 y
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|
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|
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|
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|
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b Fc(49)1015 2198 y Fe(times)t Fd(:)5 b(:)h(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g
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(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)18 b Fc(19)1015 2488 y Fe(typeset)9 b
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|
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g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)22 b Fc(12)1015 2604
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|
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|
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|
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(:)g(:)25 b Fl(40)299 1193 y(7.3.2)44 b(Conditional)16
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b(Init)g(Constructs)c Fa(:)7 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f
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(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)
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27 b Fl(43)149 1256 y(7.4)45 b(Bindable)17 b(Readline)h(Commands)8
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b Fa(:)e(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)
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h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
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(:)g(:)23 b Fl(44)299 1318 y(7.4.1)44 b(Commands)14 b(F)l(or)h(Mo)o
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f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g
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(:)28 b Fl(44)299 1380 y(7.4.2)44 b(Commands)14 b(F)l(or)h
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(Manipulating)i(The)e(History)8 b Fa(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)
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g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)23 b Fl(45)299 1443 y(7.4.3)44
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b(Commands)14 b(F)l(or)h(Changing)h(T)l(ext)10 b Fa(:)c(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)g
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g(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fl(46)299 1505 y(7.4.4)44 b(Killing)18
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b(And)e(Y)l(anking)10 b Fa(:)e(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
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h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)25 b Fl(47)299 1567 y(7.4.5)44
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b(Sp)q(ecifying)17 b(Numeric)f(Argumen)o(ts)8 b Fa(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h
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(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)
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g(:)g(:)h(:)22 b Fl(48)299 1629 y(7.4.6)44 b(Letting)15
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(:)g(:)g(:)20 b Fl(48)299 1692 y(7.4.7)44 b(Keyb)q(oard)15
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g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)24 b Fl(48)299 1754 y(7.4.8)44
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b(Some)15 b(Miscellaneous)i(Commands)11 b Fa(:)d(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)
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(:)27 b Fl(49)149 1816 y(7.5)45 b(Readline)17 b(vi)f(Mo)q(de)d
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Fa(:)7 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)
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g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
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(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)27
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b Fl(50)0 1941 y Fj(App)r(endix)d(A)67 b(V)-6 b(ariable)24
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b(Index)15 b Fb(:)c(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g
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(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)38 b Fj(51)0
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2081 y(App)r(endix)24 b(B)67 b(Concept)22 b(Index)c Fb(:)10
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b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g
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(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)39 b Fj(53)p eop end
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userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
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