Move internal usages of alignof/__alignof to use _LIBCPP_ALIGNOF.

Summary:
Starting in Clang 8.0 and GCC 8.0, `alignof` and `__alignof` return different values in same cases. Specifically `alignof` and `_Alignof` return the minimum alignment for a type, where as `__alignof` returns the preferred alignment. libc++ currently uses `__alignof` but means to use `alignof`. See  llvm.org/PR39713

This patch introduces the macro `_LIBCPP_ALIGNOF` so we can control which spelling gets used.

This patch does not introduce any ABI guard to provide the old behavior with newer compilers. However, if we decide that is needed, this patch makes it trivial to implement.

I think we should commit this change immediately, and decide what we want to do about the ABI afterwards. 

Reviewers: ldionne, EricWF

Reviewed By: EricWF

Subscribers: christof, libcxx-commits

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D54814

git-svn-id: https://llvm.org/svn/llvm-project/libcxx/trunk@347787 91177308-0d34-0410-b5e6-96231b3b80d8

test/libcxx/libcpp_alignof.pass.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+// -*- C++ -*-
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+// Test that _LIBCPP_ALIGNOF acts the same as the C++11 keyword `alignof`, and
+// not as the GNU extension `__alignof`. The former returns the minimal required
+// alignment for a type, whereas the latter returns the preferred alignment.
+//
+// See llvm.org/PR39713
+
+#include <type_traits>
+#include "test_macros.h"
+
+template <class T>
+void test() {
+  static_assert(_LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(T) == std::alignment_of<T>::value, "");
+  static_assert(_LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(T) == TEST_ALIGNOF(T), "");
+  static_assert(alignof(T) == __alignof(T), "");
+#if TEST_STD_VER >= 11
+  static_assert(_LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(T) == alignof(T), "");
+#endif
+#ifdef TEST_COMPILER_CLANG
+  static_assert(_LIBCPP_ALIGNOF(T) == _Alignof(T), "");
+#endif
+}
+
+int main() {
+  test<int>();
+  test<long long>();
+  test<double>();
+  test<long double>();
+}